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Herbal Studies > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pharmacology?

A

Pharmacology is the study of drugs - how they interact with other molecules in the body and how they affect the body.

This field of study can be broken down into two smaller pieces: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. These are the two main areas of pharmacology dedicated to providing a comprehensive picture of the safety and action of a medication.

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2
Q

What is Pharmacokinetics?

A

In short: How your body processes a drug.

Consists of ADME
Absorption: the drug entering circulation
Distribution: the blood traveling to its desired site
Metabolism:transformation of the drug into usable parts
Excretion: removal of the drug from the body

It’s what your body does with a drug. Determining how the drug is absorbed, distributed throughout the body, broken down, and then eliminated is what constitutes pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics is based on ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

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3
Q

Wha tis Pharmacodynamics?

A

In short: The effect a drug has on the body.

consists of AEPAA

Affinity: attraction between a drug and its receptor
Efficacy: the drug’s ability to activate the receptor once it has bound to it
Potency: the amount of a drug that’s necessary to produce a desired effect
Agonist: a drug that promotes the activity of its receptor
Antagonist:a drug that blocks the activity of its receptor

Pharmacodynamics is concerned with how the drug works on the body. When you take a medication, you expect a certain reaction to occur. Maybe you have a headache and pop an ibuprofen. You are relying on that drug to help squash the pain and make you feel better. Pharmacodynamics is the second piece of pharmacology and is responsible for ensuring that the drug works like it is supposed to. Efficacy, or the ability to cause a favorable change, is the end goal for all drug development. Pharmacodynamics assures the overall effect of a drug, such as curing a headache or clearing an infection, while maintaining safety.

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4
Q

What are Pharmaceutical drugs?

A

Pharmaceutical drugs are chemicals that are designed to prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure a disorder. In laymen terms, we simply call them medicines.

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5
Q

What is Biochemistry?

A

biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms and their life processes.

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6
Q

what is toxicology?

A

Toxicology is the study of the effects of poisonings and drugs overdoses as well as their detection and treatment.

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7
Q

What is posology?

A

Posology is the study of drug dosages. To help you remember that posology is the study of drug dosages, just think of the fact that pos- sounds like dos-.

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8
Q

What is pharmacy?

A

pharmacy is the science and art of collecting, preparing, standardizing, and dispensing drugs. Individuals who prepare and dispense medication are called pharmacists.

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9
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

the primary goal of the field of psychopharmacology is to examine the effects of drugs on behavior. The field examines how different drugs, man-made, naturally occurring, legal or illegal, change our biological responses and thus our behavior. Researchers looking at psychopharmacology might be interested in how different drugs change mood, sensations, cognition or motor behaviors.

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10
Q

How do drugs affect behaviour?

A

In order for a drug to have an effect on behavior, it must have a target site within the body. Most drugs produce responses in the body by modifying the way that neurotransmitters work. Neurotransmitters are chemical messages that are sent in the nervous system. They allow for communication between cells of the nervous system. When their communication is altered, behavior changes. For example, when you use alcohol it causes changes within the neurotransmitter GABA. These changes then lead to altered behavior, such as an increase in relaxation.

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11
Q

what is the difference between an agonist and antagonist?

A

an agonist activates and promotes the activity of a receptor, while an antagonist blocks it.

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12
Q

How long does it take to develop a new drug, what percentage of new drugs make it to human testing and how many of those are approved and how much does it cost approx.?

A

In general, it takes about 12-15 years for the development of a new drug. It should be noted that only about 10% of drugs developed or researched ever make it human testing. In addition, only about 1 in 5 of the drugs that are tested in humans are approved. The cost of this process can be up to 1 billion dollars.

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13
Q

What is Pharmacotherapy?

A

Using drugs for treatment

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14
Q

Pharmacokinetics: What is Absorption?

A

The process by which a drug enters the blood circulation.

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15
Q

What are the two ways in which drugs can be administered?

A

Enteral: By GI tract -Mouth or Anus
Parenteral: Not by GI tract: Injection, Topical, Inhalation

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16
Q

What factors influence the rate of absorption?

A

Administration
Formulation of the drug: slow vs quick release
blood flow to the area of absorption
Gi motility.

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17
Q

Pharmacokinetics: What is distribution?

A

The drugs dispersion through the body’s fluids and tissues as it travels to its site of action

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18
Q

What factors influency the dispersion of a drug?

A

Blood flow: site of administration and throughout the body

Protein binding: precipitates the compound making it innert

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19
Q

Pharmacokinetics: What is metabolism?

A

The recognition by the body that the drug is present and the metabolism of the drugs into useable parts

20
Q

How are drugs metabolized?

A

Most drugs are metabolized by the liver and the cytochrome family p450

kidneys

intestines

21
Q

Pharmacokinetics: What is excretion?

A

The removal of the drug from the body

22
Q

How are drugs eliminated or excreted from the body?

A 
Kidneys
Lungs
Bile
Saliva
Sweatglands
Skin
23
Q

What does the term half life mean?

A

The amount of time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated from the body

24
Q

How many half lives does it take before the drug is considered undetectable and iniffecious?

A

3 - 5

25
Q

What do the terms affinity, efficacy and potency mean in terms of pharmacodynamics?

A

Affinity: the atraction between a drug and it’s receptor

Efficacy: The drugs abillity to activate a receptor once it is bound to it.

Potency: The amount of a drug that is nescesary to produce the desired effect. Potency is determined by a drugs affinitya nd efficacy.

26
Q

What are side effects?

A

Undesired effects of a drug. Can be predictable or unpredictable

27
Q

What factors can influence the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a drug?

A

Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Diet, Genetics, underlying illnesses and conditions.

28
Q

Antibiotics: How does Penicillin kill bacteria?

A

They are Bactericidal. The kill by preventing cell wall synthesis

29
Q

Antibiotics: How do Aminoglycocides kill bacteria?

A

They are Bacteriocidal. They kill by preventing protein synthesis

30
Q

Antibotics: How do Tetracyclines kill bacteria?

A

They are Bacteriostatic. They prevent reproduction by preventing protein synthesis.

31
Q

Antibiotics: How do fluoroquinolones kill bacteria?

A

The are Bacteriostatic. The prevent replication of dna by disrupting nucleic acid reproduction.

32
Q

Antibiotics: Which group of anitbotics are both bactericidal and bacteristatic?

A

lincosamides

33
Q

Antibiotics: How do sulfonamides kill bacteria?

A

Bacteriostatic. By inhibiting the production of folates (form of vitamin B) which is needed to write their dna code.

34
Q

What are the 4 main ways of clasifying drugs?

A

organ systems: Cardiovascular drugs or CNS drugs

therapeutics: Hyper tension drugs, Diuretics
chemistry: opiode
law: Over the counter drugs, Prescription drugs, sheduled drugs.

35
Q

What is meant by Therapeutic Equivalance?

A

two medicines that have the same clinical effect and safety profile are said to have therapeutic equivalence. These two drugs, each from a different manufacturer, are known to have nearly identical properties and can be interchanged as needed.

36
Q

What is meant by mechanism of action?

A

It is the process through which a drug’s specific effect of action is achieved.

37
Q

What is Albuterol’s mechanism of action?

A

Albuterol’s mechanism of action is to increase binding to beta receptors. When the beta receptors are more active, this lowers calcium concentrations in the airways, which makes the muscles in the walls of the airways relax. The result is the airways open up more allowing air to flow more freely. The open airways reverse the symptoms of asthma and make asthma attacks less likely to occur.

38
Q

What is Antibiotics like penicilin’s mechanism of aciton?

A

It binds to the lipid layer in the cell wall of bacetria, eventually causing the lipids to seperate opening the cell wall which causes content to leak out or leak into the cell killing it.

39
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

Refers to the fact that the amount of the drug that is actually delivered to the general circulation is less than the amount innitially taken by mouth, due to the effect of stomach acid, enzymes, P-glycoprotiens, food and the liver.

40
Q

What medication is used in the immediate treatment of chest pain?

A

Morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin

41
Q

What medication is used to treat high-blood pressure?

A

ACE:
Ace inhibitors
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers

42
Q

What medicaiton is used to treat low-blood pressure?

A

IDEA

Isoproterenol
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Atropine

43
Q

What are the contra indications of NSAID’s (Non-Steriodal Anti-inflamatory Drugs)?

A

NSAID

Nursing or pregnant
Serious bleeding
Allergies
Impaired renal function
Drug use (usually blood thinners)
44
Q

What are the side effects of morphine?

A

MORPHINE

Myosis (small pupils)
Out of it (confusion)
Respiratory depression (low breath rate/depth)
Pneumonia
Hypotension (lowering blood pressure)
Infrequency (not being able to urinate or defecate)
Nausea
Emesis (vomit)
45
Q

What medications are often administered in an emergency or crisis?

A

LEAN

Lidocaine (Local anasthetic)
Epinepherine (Adrenaline, Anaphalaxis)
Atropine (Neurotoxins, Pesticide poisouning)
Narcan (Opiode blocker, heroin overdose) AKA naloxone

46
Q

What steps are involved to ensure the safe administration of drugs?

A 
Dose
Route
Time
Individual
Medication
Expiration date (or sometimes, Effect)
Documentation
47
Q

What is an Assay?

A

An assay is the act of checking blood levels to evaluate the potency of the drug and to ensure adequate dosing.

Herbal Studies (21 decks)

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