Herbs and the cardiovascular system Flashcards

Question

What is the role of white blood cells ?

Answer 1

White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, are part of the immune system and actively defend the body against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.

Answer 2

leukocytes

Answer 3

Produced in the bone marrow as well as the thymus gland of children

Answer 4

Liver, spleen and lymph nodes

Answer 5

On average, most WBCs live for about three days

Answer 6

Their numbers increase during infection, pain, and other stressful events.

Answer 7

Granulocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, are the WBCs that actively defend the body against bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms.

Answer 8

Lymphocytes are WBCs that bind to proteins on invading viruses and also destroy cancerous cells.

Answer 9

Monocytes are the cells that remove debris from dying cells and infections.

Answer 10

thrombocytes

Answer 11

repair and stop any damage to the cardiovascular system by adhering to blood vessel walls

Answer 12

A high platelet count can lead to blood clots, which may cause problems such as stroke; a low platelet count can lead to excessive bleeding.

Answer 13

By inhibiting platelet count?

Answer 14

glucose and electrolytes

Answer 15

Plasma also contains a variety of substances including water, nutrients, proteins, hormones, enzymes, and waste products.

Answer 16

The heart is unique because it is a mechanical “pump” that generates its own electrical impulse and by doing so, sets its own heart rate. These electrical impulses are generated in the top chamber of the heart in a region called the sinoatrial node, which resides in the right atrium. Impulses travel down an electrical tract to the atrioventricular node, and then to the ventricles by the His-Purkinje fibers. This electrical signal initiates the contractions of the heart chambers. The electrical activity of the heart causes the rhythmic contractions of the beating heart and precedes any mechanical activity.

Answer 17

The heart's electrical activity is dependent on an intact membrane potential also known as the cardiac potential. Basically, the membrane potential is the electrical charge at the cellular membrane. It depends on the difference in charge between the inside and outside of a cell, and on the specific location and concentration of intracellular ions (potassium and magnesium) and extracellular ions (sodium and calcium). This electrical gradient is found not only in cardiac cells, but also in cells throughout the body. Balance of the intracellular and the extracellular ions is key for a normal cardiac action potential.

Answer 18

Cardiac potential is maintained by an active transport (energy requiring) sodium-potassium ATPase pump, essential for maintenance of sodium and potassium concentrations, as well as other passive pumps such as the sodium-calcium exchange.

Answer 19

bradycardia (brady means slow).

Answer 20

tachycardia (tachy means fast).

Answer 21

medications, foods, caffeine, scar tissue, toxins, ischemia (lack of adequate blood supply), exercise, and emotions,

Answer 22

Normal blood pressure: Systolic <120, diastolic <80

Answer 23

Elevated blood pressure: Systolic 120-129, diastolic 80-89

Answer 24

Stage 1 hypertension: Systolic 130-139 OR diastolic 80-89

Answer 25

Stage 2 hypertension: Systolic 140+ OR diastolic 90+

Answer 26

it is typically only a concern if it causes symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, blurred vision, nausea, or fatigue. In some cases, hypotension can be linked to more serious medical conditions including heart disease, endocrine disorders, internal bleeding, or shock (National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, n.d.a).

Answer 27

Sustained and untreated high blood pressure, known as hypertension, causes the heart to work harder than usual, eventually enlarging the heart and leading to other serious complications like hardened arteries, myocardial infarction, stroke, and kidney damage. Hypertension also affects other organs including the brain and the eyes (National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, n.d.b).

Answer 28

important structural component in many cell walls, regulates function of brain and nerve tissue, and is required for synthesis of sex hormones, cortisol, bile, and vitamin D.

Answer 29

Cholesterol can come from the diet, but most of it is made in our own cells, and while most cholesterol is made in the liver, all human cells have the ability to produce cholesterol. The amount of cholesterol cells produce is regulated by enzymatic feedback, and consumption of dietary cholesterol will slow endogenous cholesterol synthesis

Answer 30

Lipids are not very water soluble, so they will not mix easily with blood plasma—think of what happens when you try to mix oil and water. Instead, cholesterol molecules combine with these lipoproteins so they can be moved around the body and into cells.

Answer 31

Elevated triglyceride levels are a risk factor of metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk for heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and other diseases (Bittner, 2008).

Answer 32

cholesterol and triglycerides

Answer 33

The raitio of fat to protein the higher the density the more protein and the smaller the molecule.

Answer 34

Inflammation of the endothelium—the inner lining of all blood vessels—is one of the primary factors in the development of atherosclerosis

Answer 35

In response to an injury or inflammation, immune cells migrate to the endothelium, resulting in oxidative damage to cells and accumulation of cholesterol. Over time, this cholesterol builds up further to form atherosclerotic plaques and contributes to coronary artery disease (Frink, 2002).

Answer 36

Anti-inflammatory herbs that also have other heart-healthy actions include: hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) berry and aerial parts, ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) leaf, garlic (Allium sativum) bulb, turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome, green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf, reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom, ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root, tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) aerial parts, triphala (a combination of bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica) fruit, haritaki (Terminalia chebula) fruit, and amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit).

Answer 37

sugar, alcohol, and processed foods

Answer 38

Eating whole, unprocessed foods high in phytonutrients and antioxidants, as well as monounsaturated fats found in avocados and nuts,

Answer 39

Stress stimulates the release of cortisol. chronically elevated, cortisol can increase blood glucose levels, raise blood pressure, increase insulin resistance, and lower immune response (Tsigos et al., 2016).

Answer 40

Stress stimulates the release of cortisol. chronically elevated, cortisol can increase blood glucose levels, raise blood pressure, increase insulin resistance, and lower immune response (Tsigos et al., 2016).

Answer 41

Yoga, Tai chi, qi gong, guided meditation, breathing, biofeedback, exercise, time in nature, and journaling

Answer 42

Sleep. Inadequate and poor quality sleep are associated with an increase in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. This is probably due in part to the fact that chronic sleep deficit leaves us in sympathetic (fight-or-flight) mode, which causes increases in stress hormones that promote vascular inflammation (Nagai et al., 2010). Exercise. Regular, moderate exercise is beneficial for the entire body, not just the cardiovascular system. These benefits include improvement of blood pressure, lung function, blood sugar regulation, overall metabolic function, reduction of anxiety and depression, improvement of cognitive ability, and reduced risk of developing some types of cancer (Centers for Disease Control, 2018). Hydration. It is crucial to drink enough water daily. Our bodies consist of 70% water and adequate hydration ensures that it works efficiently. When we don’t drink enough water, the body responds by retaining sodium and water, and by minimizing capillary circulation—both of which elevate blood pressure (Nelson, 2018). How much is enough? There are no established guidelines for recommended water intake, but a general rule is to drink approximately 1.5-2 L per day. However, the amount of water needed will vary widely depending on activity level, climate, and diet.

Answer 43

protect against endothelial damage.

Answer 44

The mediteranian diet has shown a 30% reduction in heart disease compared to the low fat diet and the mediteranian diet contains a lot of fat.

Answer 45

Brassicas: The Brassicaceae (brassica) family of plants includes broccoli, kale, and cabbage, all of which contain a large amount of vitamin C, soluble fiber, and other nutrients. Brassicas may help lower cholesterol levels, prevent thickening of the artery walls, and protect cells against oxidative damage (Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center, 2018). While consumption of all fruits and veggies generally promotes heart health, consumption of brassicas, also known as cruciferous vegetables or crucifers, is specifically linked to a decrease in death from cardiovascular disease (Zhang et al., 2011). Tomatoes, watermelon, and red cabbage: These three foods are rich in lycopene, a carotenoid that is cardioprotective. Lycopene regulates cholesterol synthesis in the liver and can decrease LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. It also has anti-inflammatory effects that can help protect the lining of the vasculature against buildup of atherosclerotic plaques (Mozos et al., 2018). Essential fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids help to decrease inflammation throughout the body, and may have an overall protective effect on the cardiovascular system by reducing elevated triglycerides and blood pressure and maintaining vascular integrity. The evidence regarding fish oil supplements is mixed (Abdelhamid et al, 2018); however, dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids is recommended as part of a heart-healthy diet (Bowen et al., 2016). Sources of omega-3 fatty acids include flaxseed oil, ground flax seeds, algae, chia seeds, wild rice, leafy greens, and black beans. Oily fish like salmon, herring, and mackerel also contain high levels of omega-3s; however, marine pollution can lead to high levels of toxins like mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in some fish, so it’s important to be aware of potential contaminants and choose fish sources carefully (Bowen et al., 2016). Whole grains and other sources of fiber: Both types of dietary fiber, soluble and insoluble, are linked to positive heart health by lowering total and LDL cholesterol levels (Erkkilä & Lichtenstein, 2006). Good sources of soluble fiber include oats, barley, legumes, flax and psyllium seeds, apples, pears, and citrus fruits; insoluble fiber is found in most vegetables and whole grains. Berries: Berries of all kinds are chock full of protective phytonutrients. Dark blue, red, and purple berries like blueberries and cranberries are especially helpful for heart health because they’re rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, including anthocyanidins and other flavonoids. These compounds promote circulation, protect cells from oxidative damage, and keep the vascular lining healthy (Paredes-Lopez et al., 2010). Avocados: The fruit of the avocado tree is technically a single seeded berry and is high in heart-healthy fats, antioxidants, fiber, folate, potassium, and other key nutrients. Avocados contain a wide range of anti-inflammatory carotenoids, and consuming avocado with other carotenoid-containing plants enhances the body’s absorption of these powerful antioxidants by up to 400% (Unlu et al., 2005)! Yes, the avocado is high in fat, but almost exclusively monounsaturated fats, which are widely considered to be heart-healthy. The unique phytosterols in avocado are well-researched with demonstrated anti-inflammatory benefits; the oleic acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins B, C, and K in avocado may also support cardiovascular health.

Answer 46

Cardiovascular tonics, sometimes shortened to cardiotonics, strengthen and improve the function of the cardiovascular system. These should not be confused with pharmaceutical cardiotonics that increase cardiac tone.

Answer 47

hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) berry and aerial parts, motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) aerial parts, schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) berry, cramp bark (Viburnum opulus) bark, cacao (Theobroma cacao) bean, tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) aerial parts.

Answer 48

Hawthorn – Crataegus spp. (Rosaceae)

Answer 49

Berry, leaf, flower

Answer 50

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, cardiotonic, carminative, diuretic, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, nervine

Answer 51

Cooling and drying

Answer 52

Hawthorn is perhaps the most classic cardiotonic; the leaf, flower, and berry are all beneficial to the heart. Herbalists use hawthorn extract (from berry, leaf, and/or flower) as a general cardiac tonic, a cardiac trophorestorative, and for cases of angina, high blood pressure, early stages of congestive heart failure, and atherosclerosis (Murray, 1995). It is the go-to herb for any heart-related condition, including helping to support the heart following a heart attack. The flavonoids (proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins) in hawthorn extract are thought to promote these actions by relaxing blood vessels and having an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect on the vascular endothelium (Walker et al., 2002), but according to Verma et al. (2007), “no single agent has proven to be the primary agent for the effect observed.” Hawthorn improves coronary circulation and acts on the cells of the myocardium, ensuring adequate oxygenation and nutrient delivery to the heart muscle itself (Hoffmann, 2003). It increases cardiac contractility, gently strengthening the heart’s pumping action, and is a mild anti-arrhythmic, helping keep the heart’s rhythm regular (Wang et al., 2013). A 2003 meta-analysis found that hawthorn extract had favorable effects in both symptomatic and physiologic outcomes of chronic heart failure (Pittler et al., 2003). Individual human studies have found hawthorn beneficial in lowering blood pressure and anxiety and improving cardiac function during exercise (Walker et al., 2002).

Answer 53

No concerns noted. Hawthorn has a long history of safe use in food-like preparations, and is generally well tolerated with few side effects. Although it was once suggested that hawthorn might potentiate the action of some cardiac medications, more recent human studies have demonstrated that hawthorn extract does not appear to interact with at least some of the most common cardiac and anti-diabetic medications (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).

Answer 54

Motherwort – Leonurus cardiaca (Lamiaceae)

Answer 55

Aerial parts

Answer 56

Antispasmodic, bitter, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, nervine

Answer 57

Cooling and drying

Answer 58

As a cardiovascular herb, motherwort is known as an effective antiarrhythmic and hypotensive, normalizing heart rhythm, gently slowing a rapid heart rate, and decreasing blood pressure. It may also increase blood flow through the coronary artery and strengthen the heart muscle, making it a true cardiotonic (Wojtyniak et al., 2013). Because it is also a relaxing nervine, motherwort is often used when stress and anxiety exacerbate hypertension, angina, or heart palpitations. Mothewort’s diuretic effect may help to reduce high blood pressure. A 28-day clinical study assessing the effect of motherwort oil extract on patients with arterial hypertension accompanied by anxiety and sleep disorders showed a significant improvement in the symptoms of anxiety and depression in 32% of patients, a moderate improvement in 48%, and a weak effect in 8% (Shikov, 2011). Motherwort has also been used to ease premenstrual tension with anxiety or irritability, and to help alleviate hot flashes during menopause, particularly when they present with heart palpitations. It can be helpful as an adjuvant support for hyperthyroidism with racing heart, sense of constriction in the chest, and overexcitement or anxiety (Wojtyniak et al., 2013).

Answer 59

Motherwort should not be used during pregnancy, unless under the guidance of a midwife, as it stimulates uterine contractions. Motherwort may interfere with cardiac medications (Hoffmann, 2003).

Answer 60

Cacao – Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae)

Answer 61

Anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic, euphoriant (mood elevating), hypotensive, nootropic, stimulant

Answer 62

Cocoa powder: slightly cooling and slightly drying. Cocoa nibs/chocolate: warming and moistening

Answer 63

Cacao is rich in polyphenols, including flavonoids and flavanols, that have an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect on the vascular endothelium and may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome (Hooper et al., 2012). Cocoa has been demonstrated to lower blood pressure, decrease insulin resistance, and lower LDL cholesterol; dark chocolate and cocoa consumption is associated with lowered risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and repeat heart attack (Hooper et al., 2012). Cocoa flavanols may also help protect and promote brain function by preventing oxidative damage and improving circulation in the brain (Sokolov et al., 2013); some clinical research has indicated that regular chocolate consumption may have a role in preventing age-related cognitive decline, and can help improve cognitive function (Desideri et al., 2012). Because flavonoids degrade when processed with heat and alkali (as in “Dutch-processed” cocoa), raw, dark cacao is most likely to confer health benefits.

Answer 64

Cacao is a natural source of theobromine, a mild stimulant, and contains a small amount of caffeine; those who are highly sensitive to caffeine may also find chocolate too stimulating. Also Cocao powder have been shown to contain high amounts of cadmium derived from agricultural practices.

Answer 65

srotamsi that are responsible for transporting nourishment. The word srota contains the root “sru” which means flow. The srotamsi (plural for srota) are connecting passageways that are responsible for flow throughout the dhatus. The strotamsi are responsible for both distributing nutrients and removing wastes (Halpern, 2012). includes both the gross: veins, arteries and ducts, and the subtle: nadis (energy channels)

Answer 66

physical srotamsi, the raktavaha srota, also known as the circulatory system. This is the channel that carries the rakta (hemoglobin and red blood cells). Blood vessels and the raktavaha srota may be considered one and the same (Halpern, 2012).

Answer 67

pitta dosha

Answer 68

raktavaha srota or circulatory system

Answer 69

rashes, acne, or excessive anger balance the pitta dosha

Answer 70

Blood is also associated with our sense of invigoration: “Blood produces “invigoration,” that rush of vitality that makes us feel the full vibrancy of life” (Svoboda, 1999, p. 76). Thus, well-nourished blood produces a certain sense of joie de vivre—a healthy passion for life.

Answer 71

Deficient flow through the raktavaha srota indicates a lack in the quality and/or quantity of rakta. This could mean that there is a decrease in the size, number, or quality of blood cells (Halpern, 2012). It may also indicate a general fluid deficiency, which relates to the health of the rasa dhatu. This situation could be ameliorated in a number of ways depending on the root cause. A protocol aimed at correcting deficient flow in the raktavaha srota might involve blood-building and fluid-building herbs and foods, as well as methods to stimulate circulation and mend the digestive system.

Answer 72

A deficient raktavaha srota may present as a pale complexion, a weak pulse, and/or chronic low energy. This presentation generally relates to an excess vata dosha.

Answer 73

A hardening of blood vessels, clotting, congested liver, gallstones.

Answer 74

raktavaha srota deficiency, weak pulse, chronic fatigue, pale complexion

Answer 75

jing luo: System of Meridians and Vessels that supply nourishment to the tissues.

Answer 76

the six pathogenic factors in Chinese medicine are wind, cold, damp, heat, fire, and dryness. The jing luo prevents them from entering the body.

Answer 77

Accupunture, Moxibustion, and accupressure.

Answer 78

heart attack, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and organ damage, erectile dysfunction

Answer 79

due to environmental, genetic, and epigenetic causes, with no other underlying pathology

Answer 80

``` Smoking Obesity Physical inactivity High salt intake and/or low potassium intake More than two alcoholic drinks a day Stress Older age Family history or genetic factors ```

Answer 81

chronic kidney disease, hormone disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, or side effects from some medications (Alexander, 2018).

Answer 82

Diuretics: Diuretics increase the flow of urine from the body. Many pharmaceutical diuretics work by causing the kidneys to increase the amount of sodium excreted in urine; this has the effect of drawing water from the blood, reducing blood plasma volume, and decreasing resistance in the vasculature. Ultimately, this makes it easier for the heart to pump effectively (Mayo Clinic, 2018). When it comes to herbal diuretics, we don’t always know exactly what the mechanism of action is; they may act by increasing blood flow to the kidneys, boosting urine production and output, or by preventing resorption of electrolytes by the kidneys (Hoffmann, 2003). Generally, herbal diuretics are much milder than pharmaceutical diuretics, so it can’t be assumed that herbal diuretics can replace pharmaceuticals. However, they can be a useful part of an overall protocol to support healthy blood pressure. Herbal diuretics include damiana (Turnera diffusa) leaf, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf, corn (Zea mays) silk, couch grass (Elymus repens) rhizome, hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) aerial parts, and nettle (Urtica dioica) leaf. Hypotensives For the most part, herbal hypotensives are moderate and slow-acting, and frequently work through peripheral vasodilation, relaxing smooth muscle contractility and vascular resistance (Hoffmann, 2003). Exceptions to this include coleus (Coleus forskohlii) root and rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) root bark, which are more potent and fast-acting hypotensives. While these may be very clinically effective, they should only be used under the guidance of an experienced herbal practitioner. Hawthorn is one of the most commonly used hypotensives in Western herbalism because of its overall tonifying effect on the cardiovascular system. In a 2006 clinical trial, 1200 mg of hawthorn extract was given daily to hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes, who were also taking prescription drugs. The group of patients given hawthorn showed a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure than the placebo group. No herb-drug interactions were found (Walker et al., 2006). Motherwort is another favorite hypotensive agent among herbalists. It can be particularly helpful when hypertension is accompanied by anxiety, insomnia, arrhythmia, or heart palpitations. One clinical study demonstrated motherwort's positive effects on arterial blood pressure and psycho-emotional status in patients with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension (Shikov et al., 2011). Nervines Do you picture the stereotypical person with high blood pressure as a high-strung, angry, red-faced, heavy-bodied individual? While this is certainly a common presentation, hypertension can appear in anyone, of any age or body type. Chronic stress is one factor commonly associated with hypertension (Liu et al., 2017), particularly when combined with a “maladaptive stress response”—that is, when our minds and bodies are not easily able to return to baseline or homeostasis in response to a stressor (Sparrenberger et al., 2009). For this reason, relaxing nervines are often included in hypertension support formulas to help ease the stress response. Relaxing nervines may also have some effect on relaxing muscle and vascular tone, acting as mild hypotensives. Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) aerial parts is one example of a relaxing hypotensive-nervine, as is linden (Tilia spp.) flower and bract, but other nervines may also be appropriate, including valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root, skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) aerial parts, and tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) aerial parts.

Answer 83

Dandelion – Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae)

Answer 84

Astringent, bitter, diuretic, nutritive

Answer 85

Cooling and drying

Answer 86

Dandelion leaf is an effective diuretic through its stimulating effect on the kidneys, encouraging proper elimination of urine. This is not only helpful for hypertension, but also in the case of water retention, urinary and prostate infections, gout, arthritis, and rheumatism. Herbalist David Hoffmann considers dandelion leaf’s diuretic action to be comparable to the diuretic drug furosemide (Hoffmann, 2003). The diuretic effects of dandelion leaf are now receiving research attention; one clinical study measured the urine flow of volunteers after ingestion of a fresh dandelion leaf extract and found a significant increase in the frequency of urination in the 5-hour period after the first dose and also after a second dose. However, there was not a significant increase in the total volume of urine output (Clare et al., 2009). Many diuretics have the unfortunate effect of removing potassium and magnesium from the body along with sodium, leading to unpleasant side effects including muscle cramping and weakness, gastrointestinal (GI) complaints, and heart arrhythmia. Dandelion leaf is frequently described as a “potassium-sparing diuretic,” which is actually a particular class of drug. We don’t know that Taraxacum leaf acts in the same way, so it’s more accurate to say that dandelion is a potassium-rich diuretic, in which the high mineral content of the leaf offsets any potassium loss. Because dandelion has considerable amounts of potassium, magnesium, and a number of other minerals, it may also have potential for use alongside standard diuretic medications to help prevent hypokalemia (low blood potassium) and hypomagnesemia (low blood magnesium) (Clare et al., 2009).

Answer 87

Those with allergic sensitivity to Asteraceae (daisy) family plants may experience sensitivity to dandelion

Answer 88

damiana (Turnera diffusa) leaf, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf, corn (Zea mays) silk, couch grass (Elymus repens) rhizome, hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) aerial parts nettle (Urtica dioica) leaf.

Answer 89

coleus (Coleus forskohlii) root | rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) root bark,

Answer 90

herbal hypotensives are moderate and slow-acting, and frequently work through peripheral vasodilation, relaxing smooth muscle contractility and vascular resistance (Hoffmann, 2003).

Answer 91

Motherwort

Answer 92

coleus (Coleus forskohlii) root rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) root bark, Motherwort Hawthorn

Answer 93

Cramp bark – Viburnum opulus (Caprifoliaceae)

Answer 94

Dried bark

Answer 95

Antispasmodic, astringent, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypotensive

Answer 96

Cooling and drying

Answer 97

As implied by its name, cramp bark has a long history of use for relaxing all sorts of cramps, in both smooth and skeletal muscle. In addition to its usefulness for menstrual cramps and general muscle tension, cramp bark is also a mild hypotensive and cardiovascular tonic and is frequently used as a vasorelaxant in herbal hypotensive formulas. Cramp bark is very astringent in nature, which contributes to its use in excessive menstrual bleeding, threatened miscarriage, and perimenopausal flooding. Since astringent herbs can be too drying for some individuals, cramp bark can be combined with more moistening herbs, such as oat (Avena sativa) milky tops, to create a balanced formula. While the bark is the primary part of cramp bark that is used, the berries are also used as food and, to a lesser extent, in herbalism. In Russia, cramp bark berries have been used for high blood pressure and for addressing heart disease, while in Siberia, the berries were often fermented and mixed with flour to create a bitter alcoholic drink. In Norway and Sweden, cramp bark berries have been used to flavor a paste of honey and flour and have been jellied and served as a substitute for cranberries in Canada (Grieve, 1971). The berries have a pleasant, if very tart, flavor, while the bark of cramp bark has some of the same constituents found in valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root, giving it a very distinct taste and smell—it’s sometimes compared to sweaty socks! Not surprisingly, you may find you prefer cramp bark (and valerian) as a tincture, rather than a tea.

Answer 98

a lack of potasium

Answer 99

Stress can be a major cause of hypertension

Answer 100

motherwort | linden

Answer 101

Linden – Tilia spp. (Malvaceae)

Answer 102

Flower and bract

Answer 103

Anodyne, antifungal, antispasmodic, antitussive, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, nervine

Answer 104

Cooling and moistening

Answer 105

Linden is most commonly used as nervine relaxant—not quite as heavy-handed as a true sedative, it helps “take the edge off,” alleviating nervous tension, restlessness, and anxiety. Linden is also effective as a gently relaxing hypotensive, reducing both peripheral vascular resistance and perception of stress. According to herbalist David Hoffmann, linden is specifically indicated for hypertension with arteriosclerosis or anxiety, and may be helpful in management of some migraine headaches (Hoffmann, 2003). When the tea is consumed hot it acts as a diaphoretic, and it has been approved in Germany as a recognized therapy for treatment of colds with cough or fever (American Botanical Council, 2000). With little clinical research on its use as an herb, linden’s therapeutic applications are largely based on a long history of traditional use. In vitro research on flavonoids in various linden species has linked these constituents to many of its properties (Aguirre-Hernández, 2010; Viola et al., 1994). Clinical herbalist Guido Masé writes of linden: “In the darker, colder reaches of northern Europe, country folk rely on linden (and other aromatic nervines such as lemon balm and rose) to lift their moods during the long stretches of night at the heart of winter. When the sun barely peeks above the horizon for an hour or two, the scented herbs recall the garden’s summer delights, and give us that moment’s retreat that can make all the difference when the spirit feels low, disconnected, and undernourished” (Masé, 2013, p. 101).

Answer 106

Linden should be taken separately from iron supplements and iron-rich food, as it may reduce iron absorption (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).

Answer 107

Coronary artery disease is the most common type of CVD, in which atherosclerotic plaques accumulate in the coronary arteries, restricting blood supply to the heart muscle. Limited blood supply to the myocardium can cause angina, with pain or pressure in the chest, neck, or jaw, difficulty breathing, or reduced exercise tolerance. The combination of hardened, narrowed arteries and atherosclerotic plaque formation creates significantly increased risk for heart attack; over time, coronary artery disease can contribute to arrhythmia and heart failure (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, n.d.). Coronary artery disease is directly caused by atherosclerosis, so it shares the same risk factors and etiology, including the progression of inflammation and oxidative damage to the endothelium, deposition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, absence of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and elevated blood glucose and insulin resistance (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, n.d.).

Answer 108

Coronary artery disease

Answer 109

Heart failure (also called congestive heart failure) occurs when the heart weakens and is unable to adequately pump blood to the rest of the body. This causes insufficient oxygenation, resulting in fatigue and muscle weakness, and can also cause difficulty breathing and edema (swelling and fluid retention) in the ankles, legs, abdomen, or neck. Heart failure can occur as a complication of congenital heart defects or disease, but it is very commonly caused by progressive cardiovascular diseases. Long-term uncontrolled hypertension can lead to heart failure when the heart muscle becomes weakened from the excessive contractile force required to move blood against vascular resistance. Diabetes almost doubles the risk of developing or dying from heart failure. In part, this is related to the frequent concurrence of diabetes with hyperlipidemia and high blood pressure, which are known risk factors for heart disease, but it is also due to the direct effects of hyperglycemia on the endothelium and the heart muscle itself, in which sugar in the blood damages cellular structure and function and promotes further inflammation (Jagasia & McNulty, 2003).

Answer 110

Diabetes almost doubles the risk of developing or dying from heart failure. In part, this is related to the frequent concurrence of diabetes with hyperlipidemia and high blood pressure, which are known risk factors for heart disease, but it is also due to the direct effects of hyperglycemia on the endothelium and the heart muscle itself, in which sugar in the blood damages cellular structure and function and promotes further inflammation (Jagasia & McNulty, 2003).

Answer 111

Metabolic syndrome is not itself a cardiovascular disease; however, as a major risk factor for heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and diabetes, it deserves attention as an important indicator of cardiovascular health and disease potential. Metabolic syndrome occurs as a cluster of at least three of the following metabolic conditions: elevated triglycerides, insufficient HDL, elevated blood glucose, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. There are a number of factors that are believed to contribute to metabolic syndrome, including genetic and lifestyle factors; these include lack of exercise, poor diet, progressive insulin resistance, and possibly interrupted sleep and sleep apnea (Cleveland Clinic, 2015).

Answer 112

Many cardiotonic herbs are rich in flavonoids that protect the vascular endothelial lining from oxidative damage and promote its normal function, making them vascular tonics as well; these may be able to prevent the inflammation involved with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, and in some cases can improve HDL:LDL ratios or decrease clotting activity. Herbal vascular tonics include blueberry and bilberry (Vaccinium spp.) leaf and fruit, turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome, green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf, and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) berry and aerial parts.

Answer 113

Green tea – Camellia sinensis (Theaceae)

Answer 114

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, hypolipidemic, vascular tonic

Answer 115

Cooling, drying, and stimulating

Answer 116

The most plentiful catechin flavonoid in green tea is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), though tea contains many other beneficial polyphenolic compounds. Green tea and its catechins have a number of beneficial effects on the vascular endothelium that play a role in warding off inflammation, atherosclerosis, and the formation of blood clots (Babu et al., 2008). Green tea has a positive effect on blood lipid levels by reducing LDL levels, increasing HDL levels, and preventing oxidation of LDL (Cooper et al., 2005); it may prevent the deposition of cholesterol into plaques, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis and heart disease (Babu et al., 2008). One Japanese study of green tea drinkers followed over 40,000 adults for up to 11 years. Compared to those drinking less than 1 cup of green tea per day, the individuals consuming 5 cups a day or more showed lower risk of death from all causes, and specifically from cardiovascular disease, with women receiving notably stronger protection than men (Kuriyama et al., 2006).

Answer 117

Green tea contains varying amounts of caffeine; water-process decaffeinated tea may be a better choice for those sensitive to the effects of caffeine. Green tea can be very astringent, especially if prepared with a long infusion time, and may not be appropriate for some individuals with sensitive or irritated gastrointestinal conditions or an overly dry constitution. Combining with demulcent herbs can offset this effect.

Answer 118

``` turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome, garlic (Allium sativum) bulb, guggul (Commiphora mukul) resin, artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf, gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre) leaf, ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root, arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) bark, triphala (a combination of the fruits of Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, and Phyllanthus emblica). ```

Answer 119

Herbal hypolipidemics, also known as hypocholesterolemics, can act by several mechanisms to lower serum cholesterol. Saponin-containing herbs may help bind cholesterol molecules in the digestive tract, preventing reabsorption into the circulation (Matsuura, 2001). Mucilaginous herbs may bind with cholesterol, or may stimulate the production of byproducts from gut flora that decrease hepatic production of endogenous cholesterol (Mills & Bone, 2000). Bitter herbs also seem to have a cholesterol-lowering effect through an unidentified mechanism (Alabi et al., 2013).

Answer 120

Guggul – Commiphora mukul (Burseraceae)

Answer 121

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, emmenagogue, expectorant, hypolipidemic, thyroid stimulant

Answer 122

Warming and drying

Answer 123

In Ayurveda, guggul is mixed with other herbs and made into resiny pills known as “guggulus.” Guggul is considered bitter, pungent, and astringent in taste. It is rejuvenative for vata types and kapha types and mildly aggravates pitta types—this tendency to increase pitta dosha may help explain why high doses are sometimes associated with loose stools, headaches, and skin irritation. Guggul is most commonly used by ayurvedic practitioners for arthritis, nervous system conditions, and obesity (Pole, 2012). Like other resins, guggul is poorly water soluble, so liquid extracts typically need to be prepared with a high proportion of alcohol. Commercial products are usually encapsulated, and are often standardized for guggulsterone content. Sterones from guggul are believed to interfere with cholesterol and bile synthesis, and may lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides. While early clinical trials were promising and showed significant reduction in LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and/or triglycerides, the effects have not been consistently confirmed by more recent trials and reviews (Ulbricht et al., 2005). It’s worth noting, however, that the preparations used vary from study to study, and clinical studies are typically looking at the use of guggul in isolation, rather than the compound formulas more often used in herbalism.

Answer 124

Possible side effects include gastrointestinal upset and dermatitis; these are most commonly reported with higher doses. Although it has not been firmly established, guggul may increase the clearance rate of some pharmaceuticals. Guggul should not be used during pregnancy; safe use during lactation has not been established (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).

Answer 125

Garlic – Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae)

Answer 126

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, hypolipidemic, hypotensive

Answer 127

The aromatic compounds in garlic work in the body as many aromatics do: by dilating blood vessels and opening and relaxing circulation. This explains the many studies supporting the use of garlic in reducing blood pressure (Reinhart, 2008), which corresponds to the idea that garlic reduces tension in the cardiovascular system and allows blood to be pumped through the body more effectively. Studies show improvements when the equivalent of one clove of garlic is used daily for at least four to six weeks, which indicates that garlic as a part of the daily diet can support healthy blood pressure (Silagy, 1994). Garlic has been consistently demonstrated to lower total serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and elevate HDL levels, as well, and can help to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease (Hunter & Hegele, 2017). Most research on garlic’s hypolipidemic effects has focused on supplementation with garlic tablets, particularly aged garlic extract. While daily consumption of dietary levels of garlic may have some protective effects for lipid balance, it is not likely to have the same therapeutic effect on established disease that has been seen from garlic and allicin supplements (Rahman & Lowe, 2006). Allicin is one of the beneficial sulfur compounds in garlic that can help protect blood vessels from the oxidative damage that promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation. Allicin is an unstable compound that degrades over time, so only fresh garlic or specially prepared garlic extracts will contain allicin (Fujisawa et al., 2008).

Answer 128

Not surprisingly, the most commonly reported side effect from garlic use is halitosis. Gastric upset and reflux can occur in sensitive individuals. High amounts of garlic inhibit platelet aggregation; this can be beneficial for those with stroke or clot risk, but warrants caution for individuals using blood-thinning medications or undergoing surgery. Although garlic is safe in pregnancy and lactation, consumption can change the odor and taste of breast milk, and may exacerbate colic in breastfed infants (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).

Answer 129

Arjuna – Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae)

Answer 130

Alterative, cardioprotective, cardiotonic, diuretic, hepatic, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, styptic, vulnerary

Answer 131

Cooling and drying

Answer 132

Arjuna has been used in Ayurveda as a cardiac tonic that is tridoshic (it does not exacerbate any of the doshas and can be used for vata, pitta, or kapha conditions). Western herbalists also recognize arjuna as a broad-acting cardiotonic herb, with potential for use in metabolic syndrome, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. Arjuna is one of the few herbs researched for use in heart failure that do not contain cardiac glycosides (see information about cardiac glycosides below); as such, it may be a safer choice for those taking pharmaceutical cardiac medications. Pharmacologic studies have shown that arjuna bark increases blood flow to the coronary artery, decreases blood pressure, and protects the myocardial cells from oxidative damage. In multiple human studies, use of arjuna bark has been shown to decrease pain and frequency of angina attacks, improve cardiac function in hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure patients, and lower blood lipid levels. As with other cardiovascular tonic herbs, it is rich in flavonoids and appears to have an anti-inflammatory effect on the endothelium (Dwivedi & Chopra, 2014). Ayurvedic practitioners use arjuna when the heart is damaged by pitta (inflammation) or kapha (congestion) and also to ease emotional disturbances of the energetic heart (e.g., heartbreak). Its drying nature and affinity for the chest also makes arjuna useful for phlegmy, productive coughs and it has a long history of use for wounds—a paste or tincture can be applied topically to help the wound healing process (Pole, 2012)

Answer 133

No herb-drug interactions have been reported. Although generally well-tolerated, some individuals have reported gastric irritation or constipation as a side effect of dosage of greater than 1000 mg per day. Not recommended for use in pregnancy (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).

Answer 134

A glycoside is a compound that is created when a sugar binds to a non-sugar molecule. Sugar (glycone) + non-sugar (aglycone) = glycoside

Answer 135

A glycoside is a compound that is created when a sugar binds to a non-sugar molecule. Sugar (glycone) + non-sugar (aglycone) = glycoside Cardiac glycosides are the glycoside molecules that have a particular effect on the heart. There are a wide range of cardioactive glycosides, often named for the plant in which they were first discovered. For example, digoxin was found in Digitalis purpurea, the common foxglove plant, and strophanthin (now also called ouabain) comes from the African strophanthus vine (Strophanthus spp.). In general, cardiac glycosides are positively inotropic (they increase heart muscle contractility) and negatively chronotropic (they decrease heart rate)—this means that the heart can pump more efficiently, allowing for improved blood flow without an increased need for oxygen. For this reason, cardiac glycosides have a long history of use in heart failure and some arrhythmias and for many years, plant-derived cardiac glycoside drugs were the primary therapy for these conditions.

Answer 136

Cardiac glycosides have a very narrow therapeutic window, meaning the effective dose is very close to the toxic dose. At the same time, these compounds are usually excreted very slowly from the body, so toxic doses can build up in the body over time (Hoffmann, 2003). Symptoms of toxicity from cardiac glycosides include altered heart rate (fast, slow, or irregular), changes in vision and muscle function, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and kidney failure. Extreme toxicity is fatal.

Answer 137

The heart is a sensory organ that communicates information about the emotional state to the rest of the body via neurotransmitters and hormones, as well as via electromagnetic activity. The heart-brain connection refers to the special relation between these two organs. The heart influences the brain’s higher functions, such as perception and cognition, sends signals to the brain, and plays a role in consciousness and intuition (McCraty, 2004).

Answer 138

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as takotsubo syndrome, is a condition where your heart muscle becomes suddenly weakened. The left ventricle, one of the heart’s chambers, gets larger and changes shape. This means this part of the heart doesn’t pump blood to the rest of the body as well as it should. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is caused by stress and is also called broken heart syndrome. some possible causes ``` bereavement domestic abuse physical assault acute illness recent surgery an asthma attack financial worries or debt being involved in a disaster, such as an earthquake or terrorist incident. ```

Answer 139

Peace in the heart can be achieved through meaningful friendships that elevate one’s emotional state, a sense of community or belonging, and volunteering—all of these activities are linked to better emotional states and improved health outcomes (Kikusui et al., 2006). Contact with animals and the natural environment also have significant health benefits, ranging from reduced blood pressure to improved mental health and perceived wellbeing (Maller et al., 2006). Simply looking at green spaces can improve our health: a Scandinavian study found that residents at a rehabilitation facility with a window view of nature self-reported an improvement in their physical and emotional wellbeing (Raanaas et al., 2012). Meditation techniques can also play a role in cultivating a calm and happy heart; the mindfulness and stress reduction practices discussed in Lesson 2 of this unit can benefit anyone seeking a more peaceful state of mind (and heart!), not only those with hypertension. Perhaps the goal for cultivating a healthy and peaceful energetic heart is not to banish all difficult and challenging emotions and feelings, but to create enough space, stillness, and softness within one's heart to contain the full spectrum of human emotions that flow within us and from others. The more the energetic heart expands and the more peaceful it grows, the more love and compassion it can give and receive. At the same time, a peaceful energetic heart also has healthy boundaries—one can look to the metaphor of a rose (mentioned below), which is soft and open and generous with its beauty, yet strong and protective of itself.

Answer 140

depression may influence the development of coronary artery disease (Gilbert et al., 2010). When depression accompanies chronic diseases like asthma, heart disease, and diabetes, measurable physical health outcomes are far worse than those seen from disease without accompanying depression

Answer 141

Hawthorn (berry and aerial parts): Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) is not just the go-to for the physical heart—many herbalists turn to it as a calming and uplifting herb for the energetic heart, as well. Hawthorn can be made into tea, tincture, glycerite, or syrup and has a sweet and pleasantly sour taste. It is commonly used for grief, betrayal, disappointment in relationships, irritability, disconnection with spirit, and heartache and for fostering feelings of forgiveness and open-heartedness (Frances, 2001a; Tilgner, 1999). Deborah Frances, N.D. writes that hawthorn is well suited for individuals who have “closed their hearts even partly or have built walls to protect themselves or, conversely, for overly sensitive [individuals] whose anxiety stems from being too open" (p. 8). Lemon balm (aerial parts): Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is an uplifting herb that makes a wonderful sun tea or glycerite to elevate the mood and ease feelings of overwhelm, tension, fear of failure, and low self-esteem (McIntyre & Boudin, 2012). It also has a traditional use for seasonal affective disorder, also known as seasonal depression (Winston, 2003). Lavender (bud): The delightfully aromatic lavender (Lavandula spp.) bud can be taken internally as tea, glycerite, or tincture or used externally in perfume or bath products for worry, heartache, and grief. Some herbalists use lavender specifically for grief from losing someone whom you love. Culpeper indicates that it is used for “tremblings and passions of the heart” (Culpeper, 1995, p. 124). Lavender has a strong, bitter-floral taste that can easily overwhelm the palate, but makes a lovely addition to a heart-happy tea blend. Anise hyssop (aerial parts): Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum) is not only a lovely plant for the garden (enjoyed by pollinators and gardeners alike!), the leaves and flowers of anise hyssop are aromatic and sweet and, as its common name implies, taste quite a bit like anise. It is commonly used in Chinese medicine when the Heart and the Liver are in conflict—this may manifest as an inability to make decisions, neuromuscular tension, tightness in the throat, or the feeling that something is holding you back. Anise hyssop softens the Heart with its sweetness and relaxes the Liver (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, 1997). Mimosa (flower and bark): Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) calms and uplifts the heart and is used in Chinese medicine to ease disturbed shen, which may manifest as anxiety, insomnia, anger, low mood, or bad dreams. Michael Tierra (n.d.) suggests that the flower imparts a sense of lightness, whereas the bark is more grounding and centering to the energetic heart. Herbalist David Winston considers mimosa a profound mood elevator, useful for moodiness, a broken heart, irritability, and a feeling of emotional brittleness (Winston, 2003). He suggests a formula combining hawthorn, rose, and mimosa to help one cope with feelings of grief and heartbreak (Winston, 2012). Motherwort (aerial parts): Maud Grieve (1971) states that there is “no better herb for strengthening and gladdening the heart” than motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) (p. 555). Not the tastiest herb, to influence the energetic heart, motherwort may best be taken in drop doses of tincture and can be considered for giving courage, calm, protection, and strength to the heart (Donahue, 2013; Frances, 2001a). Rose – Rosa spp. (Rosaceae) – Flower

Answer 142

Rose – Rosa spp. (Rosaceae)

Answer 143

Anti-inflammatory, astringent, euphoriant, cardiotonic, relaxing nervine

Answer 144

Cooling and drying

Answer 145

A symbol of love and beauty, rose has been used by many generations of herbalists the world over. Rose has a gentle, calming action and is associated with soothing vulnerability, anger, grief, broken-heartedness, and lack of self-love. Robin Rose Bennett says: “The rose is a very multilayered medicine that works on many system[s] in the body, but if I wanted to net it down to one reason, it’s because rose is truly the flower of love. If we don’t come at the challenges facing us from a place of love, we’re not going to get very far. Simply opposing what we don’t like feeds the polarity that is ripping us apart” (Sakellaridis, n.d., para. 4). Meditating on the rose, we can clearly see its healthy boundaries: a soft, but strong heart that is open, yet protected. Roses are often used to promote healthy spiritual and emotional boundaries and protection. While using rose in this way, it can be helpful to visualize the strong, thorny branches of a wild rose protecting the boundaries of our energetic heart. In Ayurveda, rose is considered balancing to all doshas and especially helpful for cooling high pitta dosha. It is said to open the heart chakra and encourage feelings of patience, compassion, and love. A special ayurvedic preparation known as gulkand (rose petal jam) is used as a cooling heart tonic (Pole, 2012). Rose petals can be made into cosmetics, oils, teas, elixirs, vinegars, glycerites, and tinctures. A sprinkling of rose petals makes a great addition to an uplifting tea not only for the energetic effect, but also to add color and beauty to the tea blend!

Answer 146

related to the Anahata Chakra The energetic heart is associated with the air element and also vata dosha. It is responsible for the movement of thought in that it governs the circulation of thought as well as the circulation of blood. In this way, the heart relates to our intelligence and our ability to integrate experiences (Halpern, 2012). Seat of the devine true self ruler of the mind, intelect and conciousness ruler of prana (life force), and the main storehouse of ojas, the vital life sap. Ojas, being responsible for our immunity and vitalityThe vessels of the heart carry ojas to all of the seven dhatus through the arteries with the help of vyana vayu, the vata subdosha responsible for circulation (Lad, 2012). connection can be drawn between heart disorders (hridaya) and deep-seated issues of identity and self-worth, meaning that a disease of the physical heart may be linked to underlying emotional wounds, lack of love, or unfulfilled needs.

Answer 147

ruler, or Emperor, of all the systems of the body.

Answer 148

The element of fire, The Heart is the primary organ of the Fire element. It rules the organ systems and regulates blood flow. Although ancient Chinese medicine scholars had no concept of the heart as a mechanical pump, Chinese medicine recognizes the Heart as the controller of blood and blood vessels. The Heart, along with the Lung, is also involved in the transformation of qi (vital energy) from air and food. ruler, or Emperor, of all the systems of the body. In Chinese culture, the Emperor was seen as the representative of Heaven who carried out Heaven’s mandate on Earth. It was believed that when the Emperor embodied the precepts of Confucian and Taoist philosophy of the virtuous ruler and cared for his subjects, everything from the climate to the people lived in harmony and flourished. When the Emperor broke this mandate, disorder in the kingdom ensued (Chan, 1963; Larre & de la Valèe, 1995; Unschuld, 2003). As the seat of consciousness, the Heart houses the mind and spirit. It governs mental activity and the physiological functions of the brain. Heart function influences memory, thinking, and sleep. Its primary emotion is joy in the sense of joy of life. In Chinese medicine, each organ system is correlated with a positive emotion that is naturally expressed when we are healthy. These positive attributes contribute to the harmony of our creative expression and ability to think clearly and express ourselves well. The shen, or spirit, of the Heart is one of the Three Treasures of Chinese medicine; the others being qi (vital energy) and jing (essence). When shen is balanced, it shines like a light through the eyes. Nourishing and preserving a peaceful, calm shen supports wellbeing of body, mind, and spirit. Balanced shen is a positive indicator of health, resilience, and the ability to recover from even grave illness. The Heart is very sensitive to all stress, trauma, and negative emotions. A disturbed Heart shen can result in insomnia, disturbed sleep, and mental imbalance, including mania and psychosis. Cultivating equanimity and a calm spirit through a meditation or qigong practice helps nourish and support our shen. Summer is the season associated with the Fire Element. It is advised to drink warm, spicy drinks such as chai tea and to enjoy spicy, hot foods in summer, and to avoid cold, iced drinks. This is because spicy and warm foods open the pores to let the heat out of the body. This prevents heat from becoming trapped in the body, which is one of the primary causes of disease in Chinese medicine. Conversely, watermelon and watermelon rind are excellent foods to clear Summer Heat. The flavor associated with the Fire Element is bitter, so include bitter greens such as endive, lettuce, and mustard with salads in summer and to keep the Heart healthy.

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Herbs and the cardiovascular system Flashcards

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