Herbs for the Liver Flashcards
Where is the liver located?
located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm and above the stomach and intestines
What is the function of the Hepatic Artery?
To supply the liver with oxygenated blood
What is the function of the Hepatic Vein?
To remove deoxygentated blood from the liver
What is the function of the Hepatic Portal Vein?
It brings blood from the digestive tract to the liver, where nutrients are metabolized and toxins are removed for excretion. This means that everything gets filtered by the liver before it enters the general circulation
How many lobes does the liver have?
The liver is comprised of two lobes, right and left, which are each divided into many smaller functional units, called lobules.
What are hepatocytes?
hepatocytes—cells that perform most of the metabolic and digestive functions of the liver.
How long does it take for the liver to regenerate into a fully functioning organ when up to 70% is removed?
Hepatocytes have a remarkable ability to regenerate; even if 70% of the liver is damaged or removed, it can still regenerate into a fully functioning organ within two weeks (McCance, 2010).
What is the role of the Kupferr cells that line the sinusoids withing the liver?
Each lobule contains a complex vascular network; blood flows between the hepatic veins and arteries through capillary-like sinusoids, which have a highly permeable membrane that allows for maximum exchange of nutrients between blood plasma and hepatocytes. The sinusoids are lined with Kupffer cells, a type of macrophage that serves to protect the liver (and the rest of the body!) from pathogens arriving from the digestive tract via the hepatic portal vein.
Where is the location of the gallbladder?
The gallbladder is a very small organ wedged between the liver and the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine).
What are the 5 main funcitons of the liver?
Fat digestion and bile secretion
Nutrient metabolism and blood sugar regulation
Manufacture of blood plasma proteins
Detoxification of endogenous and exogenous substances
Storage of vitamins and minerals
How many functions does the liver have?
in fact, the liver has more than five hundred distinct functions (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.),
The liver mainly functions as part of the digestive system, What other two systems does the liver function within?
Endocrine and circulatory system.
What does bile consist out of?
Bile salts - synthesized from cholesterol and required for the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats
Cholesterol and other lipids
Bilirubin - an alkaline, yellow-green fluid, produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin (red blood cells) in the liver and bone marrow
Electrolytes
Water
Which organs produce bile?
Liver and gallbladder
What gives feces its typical brown color and what is the relationship between the color of stool and liver and gallbladder function?
The presence of bilirubin is what gives feces its typical brown color, light or pale colored stools can sometimes indicate insufficient bile production, linked to gallbladder or liver dysfunction.
Which component of bile is recycled back into the liver through enterohepatic circulation?
most bile salts are eventually recycled back into the liver through enterohepatic circulation—that is, through the hepatic portal vein—and may travel between the gut lumen and the liver 10 to 12 times each day (Siddiqui, 2018).
What is the function of bile?
Digestion:
It emulsifies fats into smaller particles for absorption
Elimination:
Many waste products, including excess cholesterol, metabolic byproducts, and some toxic compounds, are packaged with bilirubin and secreted into the bile so that they can be eliminated from the body through the colon.
Explain the production and storage of bile?
Bile is secreted by the hepatocytes into narrow channels called canaliculi that flow into small bile ducts, which eventually meet up and empty into the common bile duct. About 25% of the bile produced in the liver travels directly into the duodenum; the remaining 75% moves into the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored until needed for digestion (Siddiqui, 2018).
What triggers the excretion of bile?
Consumption of fats and some proteins triggers the secretion of the digestive hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) by cells within the the duodenum; in response, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile
What is the name of the sphincter in the duodenum through which bile is released?
sphincter of Oddi
How many times a day are bile salts recycled back into the liver?
10 to 12 times each day
What are the concequences of chronicly high blood glucose levels?
When blood glucose is too high, we may notice fewer immediate warning signs, but left unchecked, high blood sugar can progress to insulin resistance and diabetes, with long term effects that include irreparable damage to the blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and nerves.
What are the consequences of low blood suger
When blood glucose is too low, we may start to feel fatigue, dizziness, confusion, and muscle weakness—not to mention hungry, angry, anxious or weepy. Eventually we might lose consciousness
Through which pathways are nutrients transported to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein or the lymphatic system.
What is the role of the liver in the regulation of blood glocose levels.
Glucose produced from dietary carbohydrates is stored in hepatocytes as glycogen; when blood sugar levels drop, the liver releases glucose (from stored glycogen) into the bloodstream. When blood glucose is high, hepatocytes take up excess glucose and store it as glycogen or fat. The storage and release of glucose and glycogen occurs in the hepatocytes, but it is moderated by the pancreas through a chain of hormonal reactions; glucagon is released when blood sugar levels drop, stimulating conversion of glycogen into glucose, and insulin is released when blood glucose is high, stimulating reuptake of sugars.
Are fats transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein?
No. fats are transported to the liver via the lymphatic system
How does stress cause diabetes?
Blood sugar levels both affect and are affected by neuroendocrine hormones. Low blood glucose levels trigger the release of the catecholamine stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which stimulate the liver to release glucose. These same hormones are released in response to physical or emotional stress—but regardless of the cause, they have the same effect on blood sugar, causing a drop in insulin and a rise in blood glucose.
With the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, hunger centers are activated and stimulate the anterior pituitary, which is regulated by the hypothalamus, to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). In turn, ACTH causes the release of another stress hormone, cortisol, from the adrenal glands (Mills & Bone, 2000). These hormones cause a cascade of activity, including release of glucose from the liver. As a short-term response to stress, having more glucose available is a good thing: it means our brains and muscles have access to all the energy they need to respond effectively to the stressor. However, when we’re under long-term stress, we may have chronically elevated cortisol—and that means we may also experience chronically elevated blood glucose. Over time, that leads to insulin resistance and paves the way for development of diabetes, along with a host of other health problems.
What role does the liver play in the production of blood plasma proteins?
Hepatocytes within the liver synthesize many of the blood plasma proteins that are necessary for normal clot formation, circulatory transport of hormones, and maintenance of plasma pressure and volume. This includes the clotting proteins prothrombin, fibrinogen, and antithrombin, and albumins, which maintain isotonic pressure in blood plasma, helping to balance fluid levels between the intracellular and extracellular environments.
What role does the liver play in “detoxing”?
The liver transforms potentially damaging substances into compounds that can be removed from the body through the colon or kidneys, usually through multiple enzymatic reactions.
This happens in two stages. In the first phase, large molecules are broken down into smaller components; in the second phase, they are conjugated (joined) with other molecules so they can be excreted through the colon or kidneys, in the feces or urine.
It’s important for the two detoxification phases to work in balance, as they do in a healthy, well-functioning liver. Phase one metabolic processes can create unstable, highly reactive intermediate compounds that can cause cellular damage, and in some cases may be even more toxic than the substance from which they were formed. When the liver is functioning well and metabolism is in balance, these reactive compounds are swiftly conjugated into stable compounds through phase two metabolism—but if the liver is poorly functioning, or key cofactors are missing, the detoxification process gets “stuck” in the first phase, leaving reactive or toxic substances to hang around longer than they should, wreaking havoc on the cells and tissues of the body (Jeffrey, 2006).
What is the role of the liver in the storage of vitamins and minerals?
The liver stores the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) as well as iron and copper. Similar to its storage and release of glucose, the liver will store these nutrients and release them as needed. In some cases, the liver can store these substances for months or even years. Because an excess of these nutrients are stored, rather than excreted, it is possible for them to overaccumulate in the cells and tissues, leading to a variety of symptoms of toxicity (see Unit 2, Lesson 1). Except in the case of genetic disorders that cause hyperaccumulation of iron and copper, this kind of overload doesn’t usually occur due to dietary overconsumption, but it can result from excessively high doses of vitamin and mineral supplements.
What kinds of substance are readilly found in our food that requires metabolic detoxification?
Pesticides, Herbicides, growth hormone,
which catalysts are required by the liver in order for it to perform it’s metabolic detox function?
Sulfur
Methyl
Antioxidants
explain the sulphation detoxification pathway of the liver.
The sulfation detoxification pathway involves the attachment of a sulfur group to compounds that can then be eliminated through the bile. Compounds excreted using this pathway include acetaminophen and other pharmaceutical drugs and hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone (Liska et al., 2004).
What are Brassicas?
Brassicaceae (mustard) family, including broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, collard greens, arugula and other mustard greens, and Brussels sprouts.
How does consuming Brassicas aid the sulphation detoxification pathway in the liver?
These foods are high in glucosinolates, a type of sulfur compound that has several beneficial effects on liver detoxification. Glucosinolates support the body’s production of glutathione, which is necessary for both phase one and phase two metabolic detoxification; they also support methylation, a separate detoxification pathway (Liska et al., 2004). There are multiple enzymatic pathways that rely on glutathione, which is one reason it’s sometimes called the “master detoxifier.” While our body does make glutathione, stores can easily be depleted, triggering impaired detoxification or an imbalance between phase one and phase two metabolism (Jeffery, 2006).
Which foods are a good source of sulphur for the liver?
Brassicas and Aliums
What are Alliums?
Alliums (garlic, leeks, shallots, and onions)
What is the concern with eating too much raw Brassicas?
Raw Brassicas have an iodine inhibiting effect, which can suppress thyroid function leading to hypothyroidism, and should be avoided by people with thyroid disease.
Explain the role of methyl donors in the methylation detoxification pathway of the liver?
Many substances are transformed in the liver through the methylation pathway, in which methyl groups are transferred between molecules. Just as sulfation relies on the availability of sulfur groups, methylation relies on the presence of methyl donors, and their absence contributes to inhibited detoxification and liver function.
what are the key methylation nutrients that support the liver’s detoxification pathways?
Some of the key methylation nutrients are vitamins B6, B12, folate (B9), and betaine, which can all be obtained from whole foods:
What is the name for the first phase of the detoxification process of the liver?
bioactivation
What is the role of antioxidants during the detoxification process of the liver?
help protect cells from oxidative damage during bioactivation by providing ample antioxidants.
What is the role of antioxidants during the detoxification process of the liver?
help protect cells from oxidative damage during bioactivation.
What is Shiitake’s effect on the liver?
Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushroom is a great tonic food for the liver. Shiitake has hepatoprotective (liver-protective) activities and in a clinical trial on the effect of shiitake supplementation in athletes prior to exercise trials, a dose of 1,400 mg/day for 10 days was shown to have an antioxidant effect (Zembron-Lacny et al., 2013).
What is the main constituent in Milk thistle that makes it hepatoprotective?
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed contains silymarin, a potent hepatoprotective that can help hepatocytes regenerate after damage and can protect cells from oxidative stress during bioactivation.
Which trace minerals are cofactors in phase one of metabolic detoxification and also compete with heavy metals for absorption into cells?
selenium, zinc, copper, and magnesium, are important cofactors in phase one metabolism; additionally, they may compete with heavy metals for absorption into the cells, meaning trace mineral deficiency could allow for greater uptake of toxic heavy metals like cadmium and mercury (Minich, 2017).
How does exercise and saunas help decrease the burden on the liver?
Exercise and sweating may also aid the liver in detoxification. Exercise in increments of 20 minutes or more can boost endogenous glutathione production (Hyman, 2010). Since some xenobiotic compounds are eliminated through the skin when we sweat, sweating can help decrease the burden on the liver; some research suggests that sweating may be the most efficient route of elimination for certain compounds, particularly some heavy metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals (Crinnion, 2006). The use of a standard or infrared sauna can be a helpful tool to promote detoxification through the skin; however, it’s important for individuals to know their own limits or check with a healthcare provider, since sauna use is contraindicated in some cases.
How do castor oil packs support the liver?
to increase circulation, move stagnation, and ease inflammation.
What are xenobiotics
xenobiotics (bioactive foreign substances)
How does alcohol effect the liver?
Alcohol is effectively toxic to hepatocytes; while a moderate amount of alcohol can be processed by a healthy liver without too much trouble, when alcohol consumption exceeds our liver’s ability to process it, liver damage begins to occur. Over time, this can contribute to the development of hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and cirrhosis.
what are some exogenous chemicals that need to be processed through the liver?
alcohol, toxins from polution, medication and drugs, smoke, chemicals from cleaning products, cosmetic chemicals.
In Ayurveda, which dosha is associated with the liver?
the liver is considered to be a pitta organ and the seat of the fire element (Frawley, 2000).
In Ayurveda, what is the association between the liver and agni?
The primary digestive fire, or agni, is called jatharagni, and is located in the gut. However, there are also five elemental agnis, called bhutagnis, that exist in the liver. These five agnis of the liver are named after the five elements: earth, water, fire, air, and ether. The function of the bhutagnis is to convert food molecules into an even more refined and further digested substance that eventually goes to nourish each dhatu (body tissue) (Halpern, 2012a). In a more obvious way, the liver plays a key role in digestion by producing bile (also closely linked to pitta), storing vitamins, producing crucial enzymes, and storing excess glucose in the form of glycogen (Halpern, 2012b).
In Ayurveda, what is the primary function of the liver?
Root of circulatory system
Liver and Spleen are the root of raktavaha srota (the srota, or channel, that carries blood) (Halpern, 2012a).
Store blood:
The liver is a major storehouse for blood and
Color of blood:
Ayurveda teaches that it is the site of ranjaka pitta, one of the pitta subdoshas. Ranjaka pitta is responsible for giving color to the body. Thus, a yellowish skin tone, as in the case of jaundice, is linked to a disturbance of the liver (Halpern, 2012b).
Prevention of pitta disorders:
The liver is also responsible for detoxifying the blood by filtering out substances that are harmful or useless to the body, also known as ama in Ayurveda. When the liver becomes sluggish or inflamed, its ability to effectively cleanse the blood is inhibited, and a pitta imbalance in the blood may result (Halpern 2012b). Furthermore, heated pitta disorders such as ulcers and hyperacidity are also considered to be the outcome of a compromised or inflamed liver (Frawley, 2000).
Vitallity through Healthy blood:
Healthy blood is the result of both proper nourishment and proper filtration, and when the liver is disturbed, there is an interference in these processes and overall vitality is negatively affected. “Living creatures are endowed with strength, complexion, happiness and longevity due to pure blood. Blood plays a vital role in the sustenance of elan vital” (Dash & Sharma, 2014, p. 403).
In Ayurveda, what is the relationship between the liver and emotional health?
it is also a key player in emotional health. Fiery pitta emotions such as irritability, anger, and jealousy are linked to liver imbalance. Positive pitta emotions include courage, confidence, and enthusiasm. When the liver is functioning well, it is able to process the hormones and chemicals that are related to these strong emotions and feelings pass through the psychological sphere rather than hanging around or festering. However, if the liver is disturbed, there may be a build up of emotions, causing a heated, frustrated, angry state. A build up of pitta emotions and heat in the liver may also give rise to other pitta related problems (Frawley, 2000).
In Ayurveda, which herbs are used to cool down the blood and the liver, by pacifying pitta.
management of the liver is often similar to pacification of pitta dosha. For cooling down the blood and liver, bitter herbs are suggested, such as gentian (Gentiana lutea) root, barberry (Berberis vulgaris) root, aloe (Aloe vera) leaf, burdock (Arctium lappa) root, and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root. Raw, green juices and leafy greens may also be called for. In addition, if the disturbance of the liver has emotional roots, seeking out ways to process and release emotions is generally advised (Frawley, 2000).
In TCM, What happens when the wood element is imbalanced?
Wood element, associated with the Liver, invades (“insults”) or over-controls (“destroys”) the Earth element, digestive ailments such as acid reflux, poor digestion, and gastrointestinal conditions occur.
Which element is associated with the liver and gallbladder in TCM?
Wood
In TCM, which emotions weaken the liver?
Prolonged depression or stress and fits of anger will weaken the Liver and contribute to physiological issues
In TCM, what is the main funciton of the liver?
The Liver is responsible for storing blood and for the smooth flow of blood and qi (vital energy) throughout the body.