Herbs and the Immune System

Question 1

Explain the biological terrain theory

Answer 1

Biological terrain theory suggests that the physiological strength or balance of an individual can protect them from illness, while imbalance (i.e., poor terrain) can invite disease-causing microbes. This is in contrast to Pasteur’s germ theory, which argues that microbes alone are the cause of certain diseases.

Question 2

Explain the ecological interpretations theory and name the four interpretations

Answer 2

The ecological interpretation theory states that the immune system does not exist in isolation but is a part of the environment and therefore influenced by it.

1. The immune system is ecology in action
2. The immune system is an interface between internal
   and external environments.
3. The immune system is an expression of homeostasis
4. The immune system is an expression of relationship

Question 3

What is meant by “The Immune System is Ecology in Action”

Answer 3

The immune system is an expression of the relationship between the body and everything in its environment. This fluid, constantly-shifting exchange is the definition of ecology—the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment, including food, water, people, and landscape.

Question 4

What is meant by “The Immune System is an Interface Between Internal and External Environments”

Answer 4

Like the place where forest meets meadow, the immune system is that zone between body and outside world that allows resistance and embrace at the same time

Question 5

What is meant by “The Immune System is an Expression of Homeostasis”

Answer 5

According to James Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis, striving toward homeostasis is not just something happening inside a human body, but in the planet, as an organism, as well. As more factors stress the planet (e.g., pollution, overpopulation, climate change), it adjusts both climate and physical environment to maintain planetary health. The inner homeostasis inside humans reflects the ecological homeostasis of the greater world (Hoffmann, 2003).

Question 6

What is meant by “The Immune System is an Expression of Relationship”

Answer 6

the nature of the relationships we have with the world, including what we eat, our connection (or lack thereof) to nature, our feelings towards others, and so on, which can all influence the health of our immune system (Hoffmann, 2003).

Question 7

Name the main parts of the Immune System?

Answer 7

Skin, Tears, Mucus, Saliva, and Stomach Acid, Tonsils and Adenoids, Thymus Gland, Lymphatic System, Spleen, Bone Marrow, White Blood Cells, and anti-bodies.

Question 8

What is the “external” interface of the immune system?

Answer 8

These are the things that create a barrier to pathogens preventing them from entering the body.

Healthy skin is generally impermeable to bacteria and viruses and contains special cells—Langerhans cells—that can provide early warning signs of pathogenic invasion to the immune system. Antigens entering the nasal passage and lungs are trapped in mucus, swallowed, and exposed to stomach acid, which destroys pathogens. Tears capture and expel pathogens before they can enter the body through the eye sockets. These external defenses keep most pathogens at bay.

Question 9

what are the functions of the tonsils and the adenoids?

Answer 9

The tonsils are located on either side of the oropharynx at the back of the mouth, where they trap bacteria and pathogens. Adenoids, which begin to shrink after about age five, perch on the roof of the nasal cavity and defend the body from incoming pathogens breathed in through the nose. Both tonsils and adenoids produce antibodies (proteins and sugars that help the immune system recognize and fight off pathogens).

Question 10

What is the function of the thymus gland?

Answer 10

The thymus gland, which becomes smaller as we approach puberty, is located between the breastbone and the heart and is responsible for T-cell production in childhood.

Question 11

what role does the lymphatic system play in the immune system.

Answer 11

The lymphatic system supports immunity by removing waste, dead blood cells, and pathogens from tissues. It utilizes a network that passively carries lymph fluid throughout the body using the everyday movement of the body’s skeletal and smooth muscles along with a system of valves. Lymph fluid originates from interstitial fluid, which is collected in lymph capillaries, located in the spaces between cells.

Lymph fluid moves upward through the body in one-way vessels toward the neck, passing through lymph nodes, which may swell during infection. Lymph nodes contain tissue filters and large amounts of immune cells that “clean up” the fluid, removing pathogens and other unwanted material.

Question 12

What is function of the spleen?

Answer 12

The spleen plays a number of roles in the body. It filters blood, recycles red blood cells, and stores platelets and white blood cells. The spleen also helps the body to resist disease by removing antibody-coated bacteria that have been filtered through the lymphatic system. Half of the body’s monocytes—large white blood cells that absorb pathogens via phagocytosis (the ingestion of pathogens)—are stored in the spleen and mobilized quickly to sites of infection in the body

Question 13

What is the role of bone marrow?

Answer 13

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found in the core of long bones. It produces both red and white blood cells, which are critical components of the immune system.

Question 14

list the different kinds of white blood cells and their respective functions

Answer 14

Leukocytes are categorized according to their roles in the body, and include granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes.

Question 15

What are anti-bodies?

Answer 15

Produced primarily by special B-cells called plasma cells, antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins and sugars that bind to specific antigens. Once bound to an antigen, the antibody neutralizes it. Antibodies also act as “markers” for other cells in the immune system to recognize and destroy antigens.

Question 16

What are Granulocytes?

Answer 16

Granulocytes: Granulocytes, which include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells, are immune responders that reside in the tissues and respond to chemical signals caused by inflammation, pathogens, and allergens. Most granulocytes are phagocytic—they ingest and dispose of pathogens and dead or dying cellular debris. In some cases, granulocytes also release cytokines, small proteins that are secreted by immune cells and have an effect on other cells, to call more immune responders to a site of invasion. Specifically, neutrophils perform phagocytosis and release enzymes that kill pathogens directly; basophils perform phagocytosis, produce histamine (induces inflammation), and produce heparin (prevents blood clotting); eosinophils regulate other immune cell functions, are involved in the destruction of cancer cells, release enzymes that kill pathogens, and promote repair of damaged tissue; and mast cells produce histamine and heparin. The pus that accompanies some infections is a combination of phagocytic granulocytes and dead bacteria.

Question 17

Name two different kinds of immunity

Answer 17

Innate and Acquired immunity

Question 18

What is innate immunity?

Answer 18

Innate immunity, also called non-specific immunity, is the defense system we all are born with. Innate immunity protects against infection in a general, non-specific way, with functions that include the skin’s defense mechanisms (like sweating and flushing), cough and tearing reflexes, and the production of enzymes and acids in tears, digestive fluids, mucus, and saliva.

Question 19

What is acquired immunity?

Answer 19

Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is the immune function that is initiated when a pathogen enters the body for the first time. In acquired immunity, immune cells mount a response that allows the body to recognize the pathogen or antigen in the future. Upon subsequent exposures, memory cells quickly neutralize antigens, inhibiting the progression of illness.

Another form of acquired immunity is passive immunity, which occurs when antibodies are introduced to the body from an external source. Passive immunity may be naturally acquired (e.g., when a newborn receives antibodies through mother’s milk), or received by active immunization, as in vaccines, which may protect against infectious diseases (e.g., hepatitis and tetanus).

Question 20

What role does inflamation play in the immune response?

Answer 20

Although it can cause damage in the long term, inflammation is a healthy and normal immune response that is part of the healing process. When tissue becomes infected or otherwise damaged, locally acting chemicals stimulate an increase in blood flow to the tissue, which contributes to the warmth and redness that accompany an injury. Inflammatory chemicals also signal fluids to leak into tissues from nearby blood vessels, helping to physically contain and quarantine pathogens.

Without inflammation, pathogens would spread throughout the body and wounds would not heal. Too much inflammation, however, and healthy tissue may be compromised or destroyed. Poor diet, pollution, and stress can all lead to chronic inflammation and is a contributing factor to many chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, dementia) (Romm, 2017).

Question 21

Name 3 ways in which we can support the immune system?

Answer 21

Lifestyle, nutrition, herbs

Question 22

How can we improve lymphatic health?

Answer 22

Hydration and Movement

Movement: Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system does not have a pump, thus supporting lymphatic flow through movement, exercising, deep breathing exercises, manual lymph drainage, light lymphatic exercises, and skin brushing helps to maintain a healthy lymphatic and immune system

Hydrations: Staying hydrated not only supports the lymphatic system, but helps to maintain the integrity of the mucous membranes, which are one of the first lines of defense against pathogens

Question 23

What is the impact of sleep on the immune system?

Answer 23

lack of sleep results in decline of natural killer t-cells

The immune system is affected by the circadian rhythm (the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle) in that the functioning of the immune system naturally fluctuates over the day (Irwin, 2015). For example, independent of sleep, the number of T-cells, B-cells, leukocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes peak during the late evening and then drop throughout the night. This cycle is linked to the fluctuation of cortisol in that approximately three hours after cortisol levels peak, T-cells start to drop nocturnal sleep has a major impact on the adaptive immune system. For example, the number of natural killer cells and their activity is lowest during the early part of the night and increases while asleep, peaking during the late morning (Irwin, 2015). Studies have shown that poor sleep impacts the immune system, causing a decline in natural killer cells (Irwin et al., 1996; Oztürk et al., 1999). Clearly, ensuring good quality sleep is important for a healthy immune system.

Social isolation has also been found to impact the immune system (Jaremka et al., 2013; Pressman et al., 2005). While there are many causes of social withdrawal and isolation, it has been found to be related to sleep loss (Simon & Walker, 2018). Sleep deprivation causes individuals to be less inclined to interact with others, and in turn this isolation perpetuates further loneliness—people tend not to engage with those who they perceive to be lonely (Lau & Gruen, 1992; Simon & Walker, 2018). Therefore sleep not only supports the immune system directly and indirectly, it is also important for emotional wellbeing.

Question 24

what is the relationship between healthy digestion and the immune system?

Answer 24

A healthy gut microbiome plays an important role in protecting against pathogens and supporting the immune system to mount an appropriate response (Björkstén et al., 2001; Feeney et al., 2014; Fujimura & Lynch, 2015; Sjögren et al., 2009). A number of factors affect our microbiota including diet, antibiotics, birthing practices, and sanitation (Bloomfield et al., 2006; Penders et al., 2006; Villeneuve et al., 2017). Prebiotics play an important role in promoting beneficial bacteria and can be obtained through the diet, particularly the ingestion of oligosaccharides found in a wide range of foods including lentils, beans, chickpeas, artichokes, garlic, onions, leeks, chicory, and mushrooms (Benouis, 2017; Brown, 2018; Jayachandran et al., 2017; Johnson et al., 2013). Note that prebiotics may be contraindicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (Varjú et al., 2017). Fermented foods such as sauerkraut, kefir, and live yogurt also support a healthy gut biome (Groves, 2016).

Question 25

How does stress management support the immune system?

Answer 25

Chronic stress weakens the immune system and leaves us vulnerable to illness. Prolonged, elevated cortisol production by the adrenal glands decreases white blood cell production (Winston & Maimes, 2007). Chronic stress causes the adrenal glands to work harder and depletes B vitamins (B3, B5, and B12) and vitamin C (Holford, 2004).

Stress also affects the digestive system and, if endured over the long term, can affect nutrient absorption (Korn, 2016). During times of stress, the sympathetic nervous system is activated causing a number of physiological changes in the body, including diverting blood away from the digestive system so that it can be used elsewhere in the body, slowing down muscular contractions in the digestive system, and reducing the secretion of digestive enzymes (Korn, 2016).

Question 26

What is the relationship between omega 3 and 6 fatty acids and the immune system?

Answer 26

A diet rich in healthy fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, should also be consumed to support the immune system and reduce inflammation. Good sources include oily fish such as salmon and sardines, nuts, seeds, and flax and hemp oil (Groves, 2016). Some omega-6 fatty acids promote inflammation; however, the omega-6 fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), found in borage oil, black currant seed, and evening primrose oil, is a precursor to anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and is beneficial (Cabrera, 2002; Erasmus, 1993).

Question 27

How does anti oxidants help the immune system?

Answer 27

free radicals are produced by invading pathogens to protect themselves from the immune system and antioxidants help to protect the body and the immune system from the damaging effects of free radicals

Question 28

How does pungeont food help the immune system?

Answer 28

mprove digestion, loosen mucus and clear congestion, improve the circulation, and for their antimicrobial actions.

Question 29

what role does vitamins play in immune function?

Answer 29

Vitamin A is an antioxidant that helps prevent pathogens from entering the body by maintaining the integrity of mucous membranes (Barasi, 2003; Haas, 1992).

Carotenoids (a form of vitamin A) are potent antioxidants that help to protect the thymus gland from oxidative damage, possess antiviral properties, and help to boost the immune system (Murray et al., 2005).

Vitamin C is essential for a healthy immune system as it is antiviral, increases resistance to bacterial infections, and aids the maturation of immune cells (Hechtman, 2012; Holford, 2004; Holford & Lawson, 2015).

A deficiency in vitamin D has been linked to lowered immunity and is associated with autoimmune disease and inflammatory conditions (Cantorna & Mahon, 2004; Yin & Agrawal, 2014). Vitamin D is thought to exert a regulatory effect on the immune system and helps to modulate inflammation by inhibiting proinflammatory processes (Baeke et al., 2010; Yin & Agrawal, 2014).

Zinc is utilized by the thymus gland in the production of immune cells and is necessary for natural killer cells to function properly (Bergner, 1997). However, too much zinc can negatively affect the activity of macrophages, thus high intake during bacterial infections is not advised (Holford, 2004).

Question 30

What kind of food negatively affects the immune system?

Answer 30

Food that one is sensitive to, Allergens, Gluten, Sugar, and Refined Carbs.

Any food that one is sensitive to should be avoided as it can cause low-level inflammation, which impacts the immune system negatively. Long-term consumption of such foods can lead to an overreactive immune system and autoimmune conditions (Groves, 2016).

Furthermore, food allergies/sensitivities (wheat, gluten, and dairy are common culprits) can affect digestion—inhibiting the absorption of nutrients—and play a role in gut dysbiosis.

Gluten is particularly problematic for some people as it may trigger autoimmune disease and is connected to autoimmune thyroid conditions. It is thought that gliadin, a protein in gluten, is similar in structure to a protein found in thyroid tissue; consequently, the immune system in those sensitive to gluten may start to attack the thyroid, leading to autoimmune thyroiditis (Groves, 2016). Gluten is found in wheat, barley, and rye. Oats do not contain gluten, though due to concerns about contamination with wheat, gluten-free oats are available (Holford, 2010; National Health Service, 2014).

Refined sugar should be avoided as it is devoid of nutrients and depresses immunity (Erasmus, 1993; Murray et al., 2005). Given that nutrients are needed to metabolize sugar, consumption depletes the body of vitamins and minerals (Erasmus, 1993).

Likewise, refined carbohydrates (white flour, bread, and pasta) have been stripped of their nutrients and whole grains should be consumed preferentially (Hark & Deen, 2005). Consuming sugar also causes an increase in adrenaline, a glucocorticosteroid that is produced when under stress. This increases the production of cortisol, which inhibits the immune system (Erasmus, 1993).

Question 31

How do herbs support immune function?

Answer 31

Herbs can support the immune system in the following ways:

Directly

-herbs that are immunostimulants and immunomodulators.

Indirectly:

• Reducing stress: herbs that support the nervous system and adrenal glands
• Supporting lymph flow: herbs that support the flow and health of the lymphatic system.
• digetstion: Herbs that support the health of the digestive system and microbiome.
• Sleep: herbs that support sleep.

Question 32

How do herbs support immune function?

Answer 32

Herbs can support the immune system in the following ways:

Directly

-herbs that are immunostimulants and immunomodulators.

Indirectly:

• Reducing stress: herbs that support the nervous system and adrenal glands
• Supporting lymph flow: herbs that support the flow and health of the lymphatic system.
• digetstion: Herbs that support the health of the digestive system and microbiome.
• Sleep: herbs that support sleep.
• Nutrient rich herbs: Herbs that supply the nutrients needed for a healthy immune system.
• adaptogens: herbs that increase the resillience against stress.

Question 33

What is a immunomodulant?

Answer 33

Immunomodulant herbs balance the immune system rather than stimulating or depressing it. They are particularly useful for low immune resilience (frequent infections) and overactive immune systems (e.g., autoimmune conditions and allergies) (Groves, 2016). Most immunomodulant herbs, such as astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) root and echinacea (Echinacea spp.) root, are rich in polysaccharides (Bone & Mills, 2013; Groves, 2016) and high levels of polysaccharides are also found in the majority of the mushroom species used in herbalism, such as turkey tail (Trametes versicolor), shiitake (Lentinula edodes), and reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) (Powell, 2014).

Question 34

What are immunostimulants?

Answer 34

Are compounds or herbs that stimulate the immune response.

Question 35

Why do mushrooms play such a special role in immune support?

Answer 35

The immunomodulant effects of mushrooms are primarily attributed to polysaccharides, but they also contain other compounds that act on the immune system (Powell, 2014). A number of immune cells—including macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells—have fungal polysaccharide receptors. When these receptors detect fungal polysaccharides, they activate both the innate and specific immune response of the body (Powell, 2014). A number of different polysaccharides are present in mushrooms, including glucans, which, despite being harmless, are identified by the immune system as a threat; thus glucans cause the immune system to mount a response. This increases the resilience and function of the immune system and has a modulating effect (the immune system becomes programmed to fend off pathogens rather than overreacting as occurs in autoimmune conditions and allergies) (Groves, 2016). Polysaccharides found in mushrooms have also been shown to be prebiotic, increasing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and decreasing Staphylococcus, Clostridium, and Enterococcus bacteria in the digestive system (Powell, 2014).

Question 36

Explain the Ayervedic view of the immune system

Answer 36

agni (digestive fire) is essential for building healthy dhatus (tissues), as properly digested food nourishes our bodily tissues dhatu by dhatu. The ultimate result of well-nourished dhatus is a subtle substance known in Ayurveda as ojas. Ojas is literally defined as vigor. It is not a physical substance, but is sometimes described as our life sap, or our vital energy, and is likened to the essential energy of the immune system (Frawley, 2000).

Ojas is closely linked to our rasa dhatu (plasma/fluids of the body) and shukra dhatu (sexual/reproductive secretions) in that it is considered to be the subtle essence of both. Without healthy rasa, ojas cannot be built. Ojas is also the seed behind all nourishment and creativity. It exists on an energetic level in the heart chakra (Frawley, 2000) and has a direct impact on overall health. When ojas is depleted, fear, worry, and illness set in (Pole, 2013). The Caraka Samhita enumerates the symptoms of low ojas as such: “the fear complex, constant weakness, worry, loss of complexion, cheerlessness, roughness and emaciation” (Sharma & Dash, 2014, p. 325).

All of these descriptions may lend an air of mystery to ojas. As a subtle essence, it is challenging to describe ojas in a singular fashion. However, it is important to know that though a bit esoteric, ojas is indeed essential for health and for life itself. Ojas is the collective energy of our immune system and gives rise to vigor, vitality, and contentment (Frawley, 2000); when ojas is destroyed completely, one will perish.

Ojas is depleted by stress, overwork, drugs, overstimulation, excessive sexual activity, consumption of devitalized food, and living out of harmony with natural rhythms (Frawley, 2000). Conversely, ojas is replenished by a sattvic (harmonious) lifestyle, adequate rest, and practices such as meditation and yoga that clear the mind and elevate the spirit. Special foods and herbs including ghee, almonds, milk, and ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root specifically build ojas (Frawley, 2000).

The presence of any illness or disease reflects a compromise in ojas. Chronic, degenerative, and hard-to-address illnesses reflect consistently low ojas. Ojas also naturally diminishes as we age, so it is important to maintain habits that nourish one’s health and vital energy throughout life, maintaining ojas at optimal levels (Frawley, 2000).

Managing ojas is somewhat akin to managing financial resources. Every time you do something that builds ojas, it is like putting money in the ojas bank. If little is withdrawn and regular deposits are made, those assets only increase over time. However, every time you do something that depletes ojas, such as staying up too late or overworking, you are withdrawing from the ojas bank. If the ojas account balance remains steady or builds over time, you are in good shape and in good health. If the ojas bank becomes more and more depleted over time, a compromise in health will inevitably ensue.

Question 37

What is an infection?

Answer 37

An infection occurs when viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other harmful microorganisms invade the body, adhere to cells, reproduce, and cause injury through direct action or through their byproducts. When pathogens enter the body (through the eyes, nose, mouth, genitals, or through abrasions on the skin or mucosa), the immune system mounts a response. A well-functioning immune system is able to support the body in resisting infection, although the response may cause uncomfortable symptoms, including inflammation.

Question 38

what is a virus?

Answer 38

Viruses are tiny agents without cell walls that can only replicate themselves inside a living cell. Outside of a cell, they are dormant, but once they enter a living cell, they begin to reproduce and typically trigger an immune response.

Question 39

What are bacteria?

Answer 39

One of the first life forms to exist on earth—and perhaps the only life form for the first 1.5 billion years of life on earth—bacteria are single-celled organisms that together exceed the biomass of all other living beings (Wassenaar, 2012). Most bacteria are not only harmless, but are crucial to life on earth; they do most of the photosynthesis on earth, add nitrogen to our soil, and decompose organic matter into useful nutrients, among other roles (Wassenaar, 2012).

As discussed in Unit 3 Lesson 3, bacteria play a critical role in digestive wellness. The gastrointestinal tract is inhabited with approximately 100 trillion microorganisms that create each person’s personal microbiome, a colony of microorganisms that helps us digest carbohydrates, synthesize vitamins, and metabolize other key enzymes and nutrients (Marchesi, 2014). This beneficial and essential symbiosis is a clear example of the ecological coexistence between humans and other beings—a relationship that has evolved for millions of years.

Bacteria can also be pathogenic and cause devastating diseases,

Question 40

What are Fungi?

Answer 40

Fungi are living, eukaryotic (with cells containing a nucleus) organisms related to both plants and animals. Like bacteria, fungi can be beneficial to human health—consider wellness-promoting mushrooms like reishi (Ganoderma spp.) or shiitake (Lentinula edodes)—or they can contribute to health imbalances.

The incidence of fungal disease is on the rise globally, in part because of changes in our immunity and resistance. Left unchecked, fungal infection can cause minor symptoms like athlete’s foot or jock itch, or major diseases like fungal meningitis.

Question 41

How are immunostimulants used?

Answer 41

Immune stimulants, sometimes called immunostimulants, help upregulate the body’s immune response. They are best taken at the onset of an infection to decrease its duration and intensity or during a time of exposure to infectious organisms. In either case, it is important to take immune stimulant herbs consistently to ward off or minimize the duration of an illness (Hoffmann, 2003). Immune stimulant herbs can be indispensable for imbalances in which the immune system is compromised, as in the case of chronic infections or cancer.

Question 42

What are lymphatics and how are they used?

Answer 42

Herbal lymphatics, sometimes called lymphagogues, also improve the flow of lymph fluid through the lymphatic system. Lymphatic herbs are often suggested in protocols for infection and are also utilized in cases of lymphatic congestion, swollen or hardened lymph nodes, and to encourage general immune function.

Question 43

What are antivirals?

Answer 43

Herbs interfere with viruses by multiple mechanisms including interfering with viral entry, viral replication, and viral release as well as targeting specific interactions between viruses and the human body (Lin et al., 2014).

Question 44

What are Antibacterials?

Answer 44

Herbs that kill bacteria. Choosing the most effective herb from the wide array of antibacterial plants will depend on which part of the body is infected.

Question 45

What are Antifungals?

Answer 45

Herbs that kill fungus.

Question 46

In addition to Antifungal herbs, what else is needed to treat fungal infections?

Answer 46

Fungal infections like athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm are caused by organisms that thrive in warm, moist environments. Most important in avoiding and combating fungal infections are measures such as keeping the skin as dry as possible, avoiding sugar in the diet, and ensuring a healthy gut microbiome.

Question 47

What should be avoided with skin infections such as staph?

Answer 47

Rosemary Gladstar cautions against the use of aloe (Aloe vera) on Staphylococcus infections, as it may “lock in” the infection (Gladstar, 2012) and herbalist 7song cautions against using comfrey and salves or other “greasy” applications on infected skin for the same reason

Question 48

What are warts?

Answer 48

Warts are benign tumorous growths of epithelial skin cells caused by viruses in the human papillomavirus (HPV) family that are spread through direct contact or through touching shared objects. Warts can manifest around the body, but most commonly show up on the hands and feet.

Warts are confined to the epidermis and do not have “roots.” When the wart begins to form, the virus encourages the skin to supply the wart with its own blood vessels and nerves. This is one reason why they are so difficult to remove!

Question 49

Name 4 common immunostimulants.

Answer 49

Andrographis, Usnea, Baptisia, Echinacea.

Question 50

Name common lymphatics

Answer 50

Cleavers

Question 51

Name common antivirals?

Answer 51

ginger, elderberry, white cedar

Question 52

Name common anitbacterials

Answer 52

golden seal, sweet annie, junniper

Question 53

Name common lymphatics

Answer 53

burdock (Arctium lappa) root, calendula (Calendula officinalis) flower, cleavers (Galium aparine) aerial parts, echinacea (Echinacea spp.) root, figwort (Scrophularia nodosa), and red root (Ceanothus spp.) root.

Question 54

Name common antivirals?

Answer 54

ginger, elderberry, white cedar, thyme (Thymus vulgaris), sage (Salvia officinalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis),

Question 55

Name common anitbacterials

Answer 55

golden seal, sweet annie, junniper ….. rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) aerial parts, thyme (Thymus vulgaris) aerial parts, and caraway (Carum carvi) seed are all good choices for gastrointestinal tract infections; when addressing a urinary tract infection, appropriate choices are buchu (Agathosma betulina) leaf, juniper (Juniperus communis) berry, and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) aerial parts; when addressing a respiratory infection, hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) aerial parts, garlic (Allium sativum) bulb, and goldenrod (Solidago spp.) aerial parts are good choices

Question 56

Name common anitfungals

Answer 56

black walnut (Juglans nigra) hull, calendula (Calendula officinalis) flower, garlic (Allium sativum) bulb, neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf, thyme (Thymus vulgaris) aerial parts, and tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum)

Question 57

What is Autoimmune disease?

Answer 57

the immune system attacks healthy cells and tissues, causing autoimmune disease and chronic inflammation

Question 58

Name the different types of Autoimmune diseases.

Answer 58

1. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
2. Rheumatoid Arthiritis
3. Lupus
4. Celiac disease

Question 59

What is the cause of Autoimmune diseases?

Answer 59

Genetics, environmental factors (lifestyle), Vitamin d deficiency.

Question 60

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 60

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition in which antibodies attack the tissue around the joints (Starr, 2018). It affects more women than men and tends to affect people over the age of 40 (Starr, 2018; Tidy, 2015). Rheumatoid arthritis presents as inflammation of the joints, in which there is swelling, heat, redness, and pain (particularly in the morning). Over time, inflammation causes the joints to become deformed. Rheumatoid arthritis is systemic, meaning that it may affect the entire body (Tidy, 2015); additional symptoms include anemia, the development of nodules typically on the forearms and elbows, inflammation around the tendons, and in severe cases inflammation of the eyes, lungs, blood vessels, and heart (Starr, 2018). While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, risk factors associated with the condition include changes in gut microbiota, vitamin D deficiency, smoking, and obesity (Cutolo et al., 2007; Evans & Srenathan, n.d.; Merlino et al., 2004; Vaahtovuo et al., 2008).

Question 61

What is lupus?

Answer 61

Lupus is a chronic inflammatory connective tissue disorder that mainly affects women during their reproductive years (Nevares & Larner, 2018). There are two types of lupus—discoid lupus, which affects the skin, and systemic lupus erythematosus, which affects a number of organs and the joints (Harding, 2018). The cause of both is unknown, but genetics and hormones may be factors, and it may be triggered by environmental factors including infections (e.g., Epstein Barr), sunlight, or some medications (Harding, 2018; Manson & Rahman, 2006).

The presentation (symptoms and severity) vary considerably (Harding, 2018). It is typically characterized by a red “butterfly” rash over the nose and cheeks and those with lupus tend to suffer from fatigue, develop muscle and joint pains, which may flit from joint to joint, and also develop a photosensitive rash on areas exposed to sunlight (Bartels & Muller, 2017; Harding, 2018). Inflammation of organs (including the heart, kidneys, lungs, and liver), joints, and the scalp occur in more severe cases of lupus; if organs are damaged, the condition can become potentially life threatening. Symptoms of lupus are characterized by flare-ups and periods of remission (Harding, 2018).

Question 62

What is Celiac disease?

Answer 62

Celiac disease is a common autoimmune condition in which there is an intolerance to gluten, causing atrophy of the villi in the small intestine and inflammation of the intestinal mucosa (Kelly & Leffler, 2018; Philips, 2018). This inflammation affects the absorption of nutrients and causes a range of symptoms that vary, but typically present as diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, weakness, foul-smelling stool that is greasy and frothy, and poor absorption of nutrients. Malabsorption can result in conditions such as osteoporosis and iron deficiency anemia (Kelly & Leffler, 2018; Philips, 2018; Ruiz, 2018). People of European descent and those with a first degree relative with celiac disease have an increased risk of developing the disease (Philips, 2018). Typically, celiac disease develops during childhood, but may present at any age (Philips, 2018; Ruiz, 2018). Strict avoidance of gluten is essential to treatment and nutritional deficiencies should be addressed. The symptoms of celiac disease tend to resolve quickly, typically within 1 to 2 weeks of strict gluten avoidance (Ruiz, 2018). Gluten is found in wheat, rye, and barley (Philips, 2018). Although oats do not contain gluten, gluten-free oats are advised due to concerns about cross-contamination with cereals containing gluten (National Health Service, 2014).

Question 63

Eplain how lifestyle and dietry changes can support Autoimmune conditions

Answer 63

Dietary and lifestyle support should be used alongside herbs; autoimmune conditions in particular cause inflammation as the immune system is attacking the body’s tissues (Ramos et al., 2015), thus an anti-inflammatory diet can help to protect the affected organs and tissues. Addressing stress is also important as chronic levels can cause immune dysregulation, which in turn can trigger autoimmune conditions and chronic inflammatory diseases (Bone, 1994; Yance, 2013). Stress causes a number of physiological changes in the body, including an increase in production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Prolonged elevated cortisol levels suppress the immune system and can play a role in the development of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (Winston & Maimes, 2007; Yance, 2013).

Question 64

How can herbs support Autoimmune diseases?

Answer 64

Antimicrobials
Autoimmune conditions may be precipitated by a viral or bacterial infection (Bone, 1994), thus antiviral and antibacterial herbs such as St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) aerial parts, white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) leaf, and garlic (Allium sativum) bulb can be supportive (Bone, 1994).

Gastrointestinal Demulcents and Mucous Membrane Trophorestoratives
There is also mounting evidence that gastrointestinal wall inflammation and damage are linked to autoimmune conditions (Bone & Mills, 2013). Mucous membrane trophoresporatives such as plantain (Plantago spp.) leaf and gotu kola (Centella asiatica) leaf may reduce gut permeability (Burgoyne, 1998) and demulcent herbs such as marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) root and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root help to soothe and support healing of the tissues of the digestive tract (Burgoyne, 1998; Groves, 2016). Licorice is a particularly beneficial demulcent for autoimmune conditions as it is also an immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and adaptogen (Winston & Maimes, 2007).

Immunomodulants
Immunomodulating herbs can be used to balance the immune system in the case of autoimmune conditions and polysaccharide-rich herbs and mushrooms such as astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) root, reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom, shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushroom, and turkey tail (Trametes versicolor) mushroom are indicated for this reason (Groves, 2016). Reishi is a particularly important mushroom for supporting individuals with autoimmune conditions as it not only contains polysaccharides that modulate the immune system, but is also a good anti-inflammatory, making it particularly beneficial during inflammatory flare-ups common in some autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis (Powell, 2014). While astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) root is an immunomodulator, it is best suited for chronic autoimmune conditions and is not typically used during acute flare-ups (Bone & Mills, 2013; Winston & Maimes, 2007).

Note: Immune stimulating herbs should be avoided in individuals with autoimmune conditions as they may worsen symptoms.

Anti-Inflammatories and Antioxidants
Because the immune system attacks the body’s healthy cells and tissues, and this causes inflammation (Ramos et al., 2015), it is important to reduce inflammation and the destruction of the tissues/organs affected. Systemic anti-inflammatories such as licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root and rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) root are beneficial (Burgoyne, 1998) and antioxidant-rich herbs such as turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome and gingko (Ginkgo biloba) leaf may also help to protect tissues from free radical damage (Burgoyne, 1998). Herbal tonics specific to the affected organs should also be considered.

Adaptogens
Adaptogens are an important category of herbs for autoimmune conditions as they help modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, improve our response to stress, support the adrenal glands, and many of them also modulate the immune system (Winston & Maimes, 2007). Adaptogens well-suited to support autoimmune conditions include reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom, rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) root, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root, and astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) root.

Question 65

What is a trophorestorative?

Answer 65

A herb that restores and repairs the mucous membranes

Question 66

What are Allergies?

Answer 66

Allergies are a response of the immune system to an allergen that in others may be harmless

Question 67

What are the 4 different types of Allergic reactions

Answer 67

Type I reactions: Type I hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction that is immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated. On re-exposure to a specific antigen, the antibody IgE causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine and other inflammatory mediators (Hechtman, 2012). A local or systemic reaction occurs soon after exposure to the allergen that may include allergic rhinitis, asthma, a rash, gastrointestinal symptoms, and/or cardiovascular symptoms and in its severest form can cause anaphylaxis (Buelow & Kaliner, 2015; Hechtman, 2012). House dust mites, pollen, certain foods (shellfish, peanuts, and milk, in particular), and animal dander are common allergens (Santich & Bone, 2008).

Type II reactions (cytotoxic hypersensitivity): Type II reactions involve immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies binding to cell surface antigens. This produces an antigen-antibody complex that activates the immune system to mount a response and results in the immune system attacking the body’s tissues and cells. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are examples of this type of reaction (Delves, 2018).

Type III (immune complex reactions): Type III reactions cause inflammation as a result of antigen-antibody complexes (IgA or IgG) that become deposited in tissues or blood vessels. Systemic lupus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of type III hypersensitivity (Delves, 2018; Hechtman, 2012).

Type IV (cell mediated reactions/delayed hypersensitivity reactions): Type IV reactions are delayed reactions usually occurring between 12 and 72 hours after being exposed to an allergen (Hechtman, 2012). Contact dermatitis is an example (Delves, 2018).

Question 68

What dietry and lifestyle changes are indicated for allergies?

Answer 68

It is important that any food sensitivities or allergens that aggravate allergies be avoided, as these create a low level of inflammation and an imbalance in gut bacteria that negatively impact the immune system (Groves, 2016). Furthermore, those who are susceptible to environmental allergens are often also allergic to various foods. Eliminating such foods enables the body to better cope with environmental allergens (McIntyre, 2005). Common food allergens are wheat, gluten, dairy, and soy (Groves, 2016).

Vitamin C and the bioflavonoid quercetin, which is found in grapes and apples, reduce histamine production and bromelain (an enzyme found in pineapple) aids the breakdown of histamine (Groves, 2016). Because histamine is released in many types of allergic reactions, these phytonutrients may help to ease allergies and the symptoms associated with them. Warming, aromatic, and pungent herbs and foods such as ginger, garlic, onions, spices, cayenne pepper, and thyme can be used to loosen mucus and clear congestion and support the clearance of allergy symptoms (Groves, 2016).

Question 69

How can herbs support allergies?

Answer 69

Herbal support for allergies will largely depend on the body systems affected. Allergies can affect a number of areas of the body and cause a range of symptoms, so herbal support varies widely.

Immunomodulants
First and foremost, identifying and removing allergens is fundamental to easing allergies. However, this is not always fully achievable, particularly in the case of pollen. Even if the allergen is completely removed, the immune system may still be in a state of dysregulation and need to be balanced (McIntyre, 2005), and therefore supporting the immune system is fundamental. Immunomodulators play an important role in allergic conditions as they help to strengthen and balance the immune system (Groves, 2016). Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom, in particular, is beneficial because it modulates the immune system and is also anti-inflammatory and an antihistamine (Powell, 2014). Echinacea (Echinacea spp.) root and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root are both specifically indicated, especially for Type I hypersensitivity, as they inhibit Type 1 IgE-mediated responses (McIntyre, 2005).

Antihistamines
During a Type I allergic reaction, histamine is produced by the immune system in response to antigens. The release of histamine causes watery eyes, the production of thick mucus, and inflammation of the respiratory system (Groves, 2016). Fresh nettle (Urtica dioica) leaf is an effective antihistamine and Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) root stabilizes mast cells, keeping histamine from being released (Bruton-Seal & Seal, 2008; Santich & Bone, 2008).

Anticatarrhals
Anticatarrhal herbs aid the removal of mucus, particularly of the upper respiratory tract, by either thinning the mucus or by reducing the secretion of mucus (Hoffmann, 2003). Elder (Sambucus canadensis and S. nigra) flower, goldenrod (Solidago spp.) aerial parts, plantain (Plantago spp.) leaf, and ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea) aerial parts are all useful anticatarrhal herbs indicated for the upper respiratory tract (Hoffmann, 2003; Santich & Bone, 2008).

Mucous membrane tonics, including goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) root and plantain (Plantago spp.) leaf help improve the function and tone of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory system and are indicated in allergies (Hechtman, 2012). Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) is also a commonly used anticatarrhal and mucous membrane tonic, but other plants should be used preferentially as eyebright is an at-risk plant and is not easily cultivated.

Question 70

Which mushroom is particularly useful for accute inflamation either in autoimmune diseases or allergies?

Answer 70

Reishi

Question 71

Which adaptogen is better used for chronic inflamation rather than accute episodes?

Answer 71

Astralagus

Question 72

Which herbs are antihesitmin?

Answer 72

Reishi, Nettle,

Question 73

Which herbs are Tropho restorotive?

Answer 73

Plantain, Marshmallow

Question 74

Which demulcent herbs are often used to sooth inflamation in the digestive tract during auto immune episodes?

Answer 74

licorice, calendula