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Molecules And Cells 1 > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharmacology?

A

study of drugs and how they interact with living systems

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2
Q

what is a drug?

A

a substance that when administered has a therapeutic effect, targets disrupted cell communication pathways for therapeutic effect

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3
Q

what is pharmacodynamics?

A

what drugs do to the body

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4
Q

diseases cause at least 1 breakdown in cellular communication, breakdown in cellular communication may involve?

A
  • loss of signal
  • failure of receptor to respond to signal
  • multiple breakdowns
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5
Q

give an example of a condition which is caused as a result of loss of signal

A

diabetes type 1

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6
Q

what breakdown in cellular communication causes diabetes type 1?

A

beta cells in pancreas destroyed so no insulin is produced, insulin receptors on cell membrane not activated and so glucose is not taken up

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7
Q

what treatment is available for diabetes type 1?

A

insulin replenishment

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8
Q

give an example of a condition which is caused as a result of the target cell ignoring the signal

A

type 2 diabetes

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9
Q

what breakdown in cellular communication causes diabetes type 2?

A

insulin binds to its receptor, however the receptor is desensitised so is not activated and glucose is not taken up

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10
Q

what treatment is available for diabetes type 2?

A

diet and exercise, metformin

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11
Q

how does metformin work?

A

accumulates in hepatocytes, and reduces blood sugar by increasing insulin receptor expression

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12
Q

give an example of a condition which is caused as a result of the signal not reaching the target

A

MS

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13
Q

what is MS?

A

myelin is degraded, leading to muscle weakness and loss of coordination

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14
Q

what treatments are available for MS?

A

steroids, immune modifying drugs to prevent destruction, anti-inflammatory

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15
Q

give an example of a condition which occurs as a result of multiple breakdowns?

A

cancer

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16
Q

what is cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell growth

17
Q

how does cancer occur?

A

absence of growth signals, resistance to apoptosis

18
Q

what treatment is available to treat cancer?

A

surgery (remove cancer), radiotherapy (radiation to damage DNA), chemotherapy (Administration of anti cancer drug), imunetherapy (kill cells using monoclonal antibodies), vaccine

19
Q

receptors re usually which type of protein?

A

trans-membrane

20
Q

what are the 3 classes of membrane receptors?

A
  • g-protein coupled receptors
  • enzyme-linked receptors
  • ion channel receptors
21
Q

how do g protein coupled receptors work?

A

GPCRs interact with G proteins in the plasma membrane. When an external signaling molecule binds to a GPCR, it causes a conformational change in the GPCR. This change then triggers the interaction between the GPCR and a nearby G protein.

22
Q

how do enzyme-coupled receptors work?

A

binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side

23
Q

give an example of an enzyme coupled receptor?

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

24
Q

how does receptor tyrosine kinase work?

A

signalling molecule binds to RTK, tyrosine kinase phosphorylates tyrosine proteins

25
Q

what do ion channels do?

A

convert chemical messages into electrical

26
Q

what are the 2 types of ion channel?

A

voltage gated and ligand gated

27
Q

what is signal transduction?

A

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events

28
Q

what may 2 molecular level responses of signal transduction be?

A

regulate gene expression , regulate cellular metabolism

29
Q

what are some macroscopic level responses to signal transduction?

A

differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis

30
Q

what is an agonist?

A

a drug which acts to stimulate normal cell communication

31
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

a drug which acts to inhibit normal cell communication

32
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

what the body does to drugs

33
Q

what 2 things are used to calculate dosage of a drug?

A

pharmacodynamics (dose-response) and pharmacokinetics (bioavailability)

Molecules And Cells 1 (13 decks)

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