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AY Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is needed for drugs to be able to work topically?

A

Corneal penetration

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2
Q

What kind of drugs are able to penetrate the epithelium?

A

Lipid soluble drugs

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3
Q

What kind of drugs are able to penetrate the stroma?

A

Water soluble drugs

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4
Q

What is added to topical steroids to make them more hydrophillic?

A

Phosphate

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5
Q

When is prednisolone acetate used?

A

Post operatively as has good penetration in uninflamed cornea and isn’t washed away by tears

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6
Q

When is prednisolone phosphate used?

A

Cornea disease or when want low dose steroids

Use for surface of eye

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7
Q

What is added to topical steroids to make them more hydrophobic?

A

Acetate or alcohol

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8
Q

What is the role of Benzalkonium in topical drops?

A

Preservative
Disrupts lipid layer of tear film
Aids penetration of some drugs

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9
Q

What is bimatoprost used to treat?

A

Lower IOP in glaucoma

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10
Q

What are steroids used topically to treat?

A

Post op cataracts
Uveitis
Prevent corneal graft

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11
Q

Local side effects of steroids on the eye

A

Glaucoma
Cataract
Exacerbation of viral infection

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12
Q

Systemic side effects of steroids

A 
Gastric ulceration 
Immunosuppression 
Osteoporosis 
Weight gain 
DIabetes 
Neuropsychiatric side effects
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13
Q

What other snti-inflmmatory gents (other than steroids) are used in hayfever/allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Antihistamines

Mast cell stabilisers

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14
Q

When would NSAIDs be used in ophthamology?

A

Pain relief (e.g. post refractive laser)

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15
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

A group of diseases characterised by progressive optic neuropathy resulting in characteristic field defects

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16
Q

What currently is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma?

A

Raised intra-ocular pressure

17
Q

What classes of drugs are used to treatment glaucoma?

A 
Prostanoids 
Beta blockers 
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 
Alpha adrenergic agonist 
Parasympathomimetic
18
Q

Example of prostanoid

A

Latanoprost

19
Q

How do beta blockers work in glaucoma?

A

Work on cilliary bodies (turn off tap)

20
Q

Example of topical & systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Topical - Dorzolamide

Systemic - Acetazolamide

21
Q

How do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors help in glaucoma ?

A

Work on cilliary bodies (turn off ta)

22
Q

How to alpha adrenergic agonists help in galucoma?

A

Increase outflow

23
Q

Example of parasympathomimetic drug

A

Pilocarpine

24
Q

How do parasympathomimetics help in glaucoma?

A

Pulls iris tight to open up trabecular meshwork

25
Q

Local side effects of parasympathomimetic

A

Difficulty seeing in the dark

26
Q

What is first line management in glaucoma?

A

Prostanoid

27
Q

When is the intraitreal route of administration used?

A

Antibiotics in endophthalmitis
Intra-ocular steroids
Anti-VEGF

28
Q

How does local anaesthetic work on the eye?

A

Blocks doium channels and impedes nerve conduction

29
Q

When is local anaesthetic used in ophthalmology?

A

FB removal
Tonometry (IOP measurement)
Corneal scraping
Comfort

30
Q

What is most common diagnostic dye used?

A

Fluorescein

31
Q

When is fluorescein used?

A

Show corneal abrasion
Tonometry
Diagnosing nasolacrimal duct obstruction
Angiography

32
Q

Examples of mydriatics

A

Tropicamide

Cyclopentolate

33
Q

How do mydriatics work?

A

Cause pupil dilation by blocking parasympathetic supply to iris

34
Q

Side effects of mydriatics

A

Blurring

AACG

35
Q

How do sympathomimetics work?

A

Act on sympathetic system
Cause pupil to dilate
Do not affect the ciliary muscle (accomodation)

36
Q

Example of sympathomimetics

A

Phenylephrine

Atropine

37
Q

What are the ocular side effects of ethambutol?

A

Colour vision abnormalities

Optic neuropathy

38
Q

Side effects of chloroquine

A

Maculopathy

AY Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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