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AY Ophthalmology > OP Anatomy > Flashcards

OP Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which 2 parts of the orbit are most vulnerable to trauma?

A

Medial wall & orbital floor

`

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2
Q

What can be damaged in an orbital blowout fracture?

A

Infraorbital NVB

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3
Q

What is the orbital septum?

A

A sheet of fscia

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4
Q

What is the outermost muscle of the eyelid?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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5
Q

What is the limbus also known as?

A

Corneoscleral junction

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6
Q

Which nerve gives parasympathetic supply to the lacrimal gland?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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7
Q

What do tears drain through?

A

Lacrimal puncta into the inferior meatus

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8
Q

What are the 2 parts of the fibrous outer layer of the eye?

A

Sclera

Cornea

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the sclera?

A

Muscle attachment

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the cornea?

A

Refraction

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11
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uvea?

A

Iris
Cilliary body
Choroid

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12
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Adjust pupil diameter

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13
Q

What are the functions of the cilliary bodies?

A

Control iris, shape of lens and secretion of aqueous humour

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14
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Nutrition and gas exchange

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15
Q

Where is the anterior chamber?

A

Between cornea & iris

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16
Q

What is in the anterior chamber?

A

Aqueous humour

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17
Q

Where is the posterior chamber?

A

Between iris and suspensory ligaments

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18
Q

What is found in the posterior chamber?

A

Aqueous humour

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19
Q

What is found in the posterior segment of the eye?

A

Vitreous humour

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20
Q

Where is aqueous secreted from?

A

Ciliary processes

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21
Q

What is the circulation of aqueous?

A

Ciliary body
Then goes into posterior chamber to nourish lens
Then goes into anterior chamber to nourish cornea
It is then reabsorbed at the canal of schlemm

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22
Q

What are the 3 parts of the fundus?

A

Optic disc
Macula
Fovea

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23
Q

Where is the point of CN II formation?

A

Optic disc

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24
Q

What is the ‘blind spot’ caused by?

A

Optic disc

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25
Q

Where is the area of most acute vision?

A

Fovea

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26
Q

Which is thicker on fundoscopy, artery or vein?

A

Vein

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27
Q

What are the 3 layers of the retina? (posterior to anterior)

A

Photorecptors
Ganglion cells
Axons of ganglion cells

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28
Q

Where is light from objects in the right visual field processed?

A

Left visual cortex

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29
Q

Where is light from objects in the lower visual field processed?

A

Upper part of the primary visual cortex

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30
Q

What is the only vein to drain the retina?

A

Central vein of the retina

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31
Q

What is the opthalmic artery a branch of?

A

Internal carotid artery

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32
Q

Where do all of the rectus muscles originate?

A

Common tendonous ring

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33
Q

What is the function of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Lifts upper eyelid

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34
Q

Where do the oblique & rectus muscles insert?

A

Sclera

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35
Q

Which nerve supplies the lateral rectus?

A

CN VI

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36
Q

Which nerve supplies the superior oblique?

A

CN IV

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37
Q

Which nerve supplies all the other EO muscles?

A

CN III

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38
Q

What are the only 2 eye muscles to not have a secondary movement?

A

Medial ~& lateral rectus

39
Q

What effect does the superior rectus have on the eye?

A

Elevation

40
Q

What effect does the inferior rectus have on the eye?

A

Depression

41
Q

What effect does the suprior oblique have on the eye?

A

Depression

42
Q

What effect does the inferior oblique have on the eye?

A

Elevation

43
Q

What effect does the lateral rectus have on the eye?

A

Abduction

44
Q

When the eye is abducted with 2 muscles allow elevation & depression?

A

Superior & inferior rectus

45
Q

What effect does the medial rectus have on the eye?

A

Adduction

46
Q

Which muscles elevate & depress the eye when in adduction?

A

Superior & inferior oblique

47
Q

Which muscles are involved in pure elevation?

A

Superior rectus

Inferior oblique

48
Q

Which muscles are involved in pure depression/

A

Inferior rectus

Superior oblique

49
Q

In what direction does the zygoma tend to rotate if fractured?

A

Medially

50
Q

Why does zygomatic fracture cause diplopia?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ele attaches to the zygoma laterally and injury may result in this being lowered towards the orbital floor

51
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the eye?

A

A thick fascial sling that holds the eye just above the floor of the orbit

52
Q

How can orbital trauma cause a general sensory deficit of the facial skin?

A

Damage to infrrarbital NVB

53
Q

Which nerves supplies the general sensory supply to the upper eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva, skin of the root/bridge/tip of the nose?

A

CN V1

54
Q

Which nerves supplies the skin of the lower eyelid, the skin over the maxilla, the skin of the ala of the nose, the skin/mucosa of the upper lip?

A

CN V2

55
Q

Which nerve supplies the skin over the mandible and TMJ?

A

CN V3

56
Q

Which nerves supply the angle of the mandible?

A

C2,3 spinal nerves

57
Q

What is involved in the sensory limb of the blink (corneal) reflex?

A

Action potentials are conducted centrally via CN V1 to the trigeminal ganglion then in CN V to the pons

58
Q

What is involved in the efferent (motor) limb of the blink (corneal) reflex?

A

Action potentials are conducted peripherally in CN VII to the eyelid part of the orbicularis oculi

59
Q

What is released from the sympathetic presynaptic axon?

A

Acetylcholine

60
Q

What is released for the sympathetic postsynaptic axon?

A

Noradrenaline

61
Q

Where do the presynaptic sympathetic axons synapse for supply to the head & neck region?

A

Cervical sympathetic ganglion

62
Q

What carries sympathetic axons into the orbit?

A

Ophthalmic artery

63
Q

What is release from the presynaptic axon in the parasympathetic system?

A

Acetylchholine

64
Q

What is released from the postsynaptic axon in the parasympathetic system?

A

Acetylcholine

65
Q

Where do all parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

CN III, VII, IX & X

66
Q

What does CN VII provide parasympathetic innervation to?

A

Lacrimal gland
Submandibular & sublingual salivary glands
Parotid salivary gland

67
Q

Where does the vagus nerve provide parasympathetic innervation for?

A

Organs of the neck & chest & abdomen as far as the midgut

68
Q

Where do the sacral spinal nerve carry parasympathetic axons to?

A

Hindgut
Pelvis
Perineum

69
Q

What does the occulomotor nerve supply somatic motor to?

A

SR
MR
IR
IO

70
Q

What does the occulomotor nerve supply parasymathetic axons to?

A

Ciliary ganglion

71
Q

Which nerves control the diameter of the iris and the refractive shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary nerves

72
Q

What is the oculocardiac reflex?

A

Reflex bradycardia in response to tension on the extraocular muscles or pressure in the eye (CNS connections between CN V1 & CN X)`

73
Q

Sympathetic functions on the eye

A

Open eyes wider
Get more light into eyes
Focus on far objects
Emotional lacrimation

74
Q

Parasympathetic functions on the eye

A

Allow orbicularis oculi to work
Get less light into eyes
Focus on near objects
Reflex lacrimation

75
Q

What type of muscle is the levator palpebrae?

A

Skeletal & smooth muscle

76
Q

How do axons get from the superior cervical symapthetic ganglion to the obrital structures?

A

Internal carotid nerve
Internal carotid plexus
Opthalmic artery
Branches to orbital structures

77
Q

What kind of drugs dilate the pupil?

A

Mydriatic drugs

78
Q

What drugs can cause a pinpoint pupil?

A

Opiates

79
Q

What is a miotic pupil a compnent of?

A

Horner’s syndrome

80
Q

What is a fixed dilated pupil a pathological sign of?

A

CN III pathology

81
Q

Whats is the direct light reflex?

A

Constriction of the pupil that the light is shone in

82
Q

What is the consensual light reflex?

A

Constriction of the pupil in the non-stimulated eye

83
Q

What the first neurone that pass via the ipsilateral optic nerve to deccusate in the optic chiasm then synapse in the pretectal nucleus in the midbrain?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

84
Q

Where do the second neurones synapse in the light reflex?

A

Edinger Westphal nucelus

85
Q

Where do the 3rd neurones in the light reflex synapse?

A

Ciliary ganglion

86
Q

Where do the 4th neurones in the light reflex travel?

A

Short ciliary nerves to the sphincter pupillae muscles

87
Q

Does the sphincter muscle contract or relax in far vision?

A

Relax and flatten

88
Q

Does the ciliary muscle contract or relax when reading a book?

A

Contract (become spherical)

89
Q

What are the 3 components of the accomodation reflex?

A

Bilateral pupillary constriction
Bi;atera; convergance
Bilateral relaxation of the lens

90
Q

Which nerve controls the accomodation reflex?

A

CN III

91
Q

What enzyme within tears helps to clean the cornea?

A

Lysozyme

92
Q

What is the afferent limb of reflex tears?

A

CN V1

93
Q

What is the efferent limb of reflex tears?

A

CN VII

AY Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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