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AY Ophthalmology > Microbiology & the eye > Flashcards

Microbiology & the eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation of the entire globe called?

A

Endophthalmitis

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2
Q

What are the common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

Staph. aureus
Neisseria gonohhoeae
Chylamydia trachometis

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3
Q

What are the most common causative organisms in bacterial conjunctivitis in not neonates?

A

Staph. aureua
Strep. pneumoniae
Haem. influenzae (esp. children)

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4
Q

Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Usually self limiting but if needed cholramphenicol

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5
Q

When should chloramphenicol be avoid?

A

History of aplastic anaemia or allergy

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6
Q

How is viral conjunctivitis different from bacterial clinically?

A

Watery rather than mucousy discharge

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7
Q

How does a viral conjunctivitis usually present?

A

Usually starts with URTI

Watery discharge

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8
Q

Causes of viral conjunctivities

A

Adenovirus
Herpes Simplex
Herpes zoster

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9
Q

What is Hutchin-Robinsons sign?

A

Sports on end of nose - Herpes zoster infection of trigeminal nerve (virus sits in ganglion then comes out at times of stress)

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10
Q

When should chlamydial conjunctivitis be suspected?

A

Bilateral conjunctivitis in young adults

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11
Q

What other symptoms may accompany chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Urethritis

Vaginitis

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12
Q

What is bacterial keratitis usually associated with?

A

Other corneal pathology or conact lens wear

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13
Q

Management of bacterial keratitis

A

Need admission for hourly drop

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14
Q

What is a hypopyon?

A

White blood cells & inflammatory material in anterior chamber

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15
Q

Typical presentation of bacterial keratitis with hypopyon?

A

Painful
Reduced vision
White mark in red eye (URGENT!!)

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16
Q

What 2 virus most commonly cause keratitis?

A

Herpes simplex

Adenoviral

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17
Q

Presentation of herpetic keratitis

A

Very painful
Can be recurrnt
Recurrences eventually result in reduced corneal sensation

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18
Q

Why should herpetic keratitis not be treated with steroids?

A

Can cause corneal melt and perforation of the cornea

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19
Q

Presentation of adenoviral keratitis?

A

Bilateral
Following URTI
Contagious
May affect vision

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20
Q

Management of adeoviral keratitis

A

May be given topical AB to prevent secondary bacteria infection

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21
Q

What keratitis is associated with washing lenses in ta water?

A

Acanthamoeba

22
Q

Typical features of pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis

A

Farmers/gardeners
In eyes that have other problems
Takes a long time to heal

23
Q

Presentation of orbital cellulitis

A

Painful (especiialy on eye movements)
Proptosis
Often associated with paranasal sinusitis
Pyrexial

24
Q

First line investigation in suspected orbital cellulitis

A

CT scan

25
Q

What is dacrocystitis?

A

Infection of the lacrimal sac

26
Q

Organisms that cause orbital cellulitis

A 
Staphylococci 
Streptococci 
Coliforms 
Haem. influenzae 
Anaerobes
27
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

Devastating infection inside the eye usually due to blunt trauma

28
Q

Presentation of endophthalmitis

A

Painful ++++
Decreasing vision
Very red eye

29
Q

Organisms that cause endophthalmitis

A

Often conjunctival “commensals”

Most common is staph epidermis

30
Q

Treatment of endopthalmitis

A

Intravitreal amillacin and vancomysin and topical antibiotics

31
Q

What virus causes chlororetinitis in AIDs patients?

A

CMV

32
Q

What rotozoan infection causes chlororetinitis?

A

Toxoplasma gondil

33
Q

Treatment of toxoplasma gondil

A

Self limiting but would want to treat if close to disc

34
Q

What parasitic infection can cause chlororetinitis?

A

Toxocara canis (worm)

35
Q

Are toxocara canis able to replicate in humans?

A

No

36
Q

Why could toxocara be sight threatening?

A

Can form granulomas

37
Q

How is enophthalmitis diagnosed?

A

Aqueous/vitreous cultue

38
Q

How is acanthamoeba diagnosed?

A

Microscopy/culture

39
Q

How is bacterial keratitis diagnosed?

A

Corneal scrape

40
Q

What are the 3 types of swab?

A

Bacterial
Chlamydial
Viral

41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?

A

Inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme (sops bacterial protein being made)

42
Q

Side effects of cholramphenicol

A

Allergy
Irreversible aplastic anaemia
Grey baby syndrome

43
Q

When is the site of action of penicillins?

A

Bacterial cell wall

44
Q

What is a common contaminant of eye drop bottles?

A

Pseudomonas

45
Q

What problems can be caused by pseudomonas contaminant?

A

Corneal ulcer

46
Q

Which bacteria is not treated by cholramphenicol?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

47
Q

Which bacteria does fusidic acid treat?

A

Staph aureus

48
Q

What could treat bacterial onjunctivitis caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa??

A

Gentamicin

49
Q

What is the management for chylamidial conjuntivtiis?

A

Topical oxytetracycline

50
Q

First line treatment for bacterial keratitis

A

Ofloxacin

51
Q

What bacteria does ofloxacin not treat?

A

Strep. pneumoniae

AY Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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