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Endocrinology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Ductless endocrine glands occurring at numerous locations around the body.

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system regulate?

A

Nutrient metabolism and the H2O/electrolyte balance

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3
Q

What are functions of the endocrine system?

A 
Enable change to stress
Promoting growth and development
Controlling reproduction
Regulate RBC production
Control/integrate activities of other systems
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4
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

The cells that secretes (A) is effected by (A)

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5
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

(A) is secreted and directly acts upon other cells

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6
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

(A) is secreted into the blood stream and travels to target cells

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7
Q

Describe (Glyco)proteins

A

Amino acid chains

e.g. Oxytocin, Insulin

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8
Q

Give examples of steroids

A

Derived from cholesterol

e.g. cortisol, testosterone

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9
Q

Give examples of Tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives

A

e.g. adrenaline (epinephrine) thyroid hormones, melatonin

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10
Q

What are amines?

A

Pre-synthesized, stored in vesicles, released in response to stimuli by Ca2+-dependent exocytosis.
They are hydrophilic and travel free in plasma

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11
Q

Describe peptides and proteins

A

Pre-synthesized usually from a long precursor, stored in vesicles, released in response to stimuli by Ca2+ - dependant exocytosis.
They are hydrophilic and travel free in plasma

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12
Q

Describe steroids

A

Synthesized and secreted on demand. Cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone.
Hydrophobic, they are transported in plasma mainly bound to plasma proteins, only free if biologically active.

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13
Q

What is relatively insoluble in plasma?

A

Steroids and thyroxine

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14
Q

What binds cortisol?

A

Cortisol-Binding globulin (CBG)

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15
Q

What binds thyroxine (T4)

A

thyroxine - binding globulin (TBG)

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16
Q

Whats binds testosterone, and also estradiol?

A

Sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG)

17
Q

What does albumin bind?

A

many steroids and thyroxine

18
Q

What does transthyretin bind?

A

Thyroxine and some steroids

19
Q

What are cell surface receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

Receptor kinases

20
Q

What are nuclear receptors?

A

Intracellular receptors

21
Q

What are class 1 nuclear receptors?

A

Activated by many steroid hormones.
In absence of activating ligand they are located in cytoplasm bound to inhibitory heat shock proteins. Move to nucleus once activated

22
Q

What are class2 nuclear receptors?

A

Activated by most lipids, constitutively present in the nucleus

23
Q

What are hybrid class nuclear receptors?

A

activated by thyroid hormone (T3) and other substances - similar to class 1 in function

24
Q

What does binding of insulin cause?

A

autophosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine residues

25
Q

What does SUR1 regulate?

A

Potassium channel activity

26
Q

What forms potassium selective ion channel?

A

tetramer of Kir6.2

27
Q

What happens when ATP binds to Kir6.2?

A

The channel closes and there is depolarization of the beta cell and insulin is released

28
Q

What opens the potassium ion channel channel?

A

ADP-Mg2+ binding to the SUR1 which maintains the resting potential of the beta cell and inhibits insulin secretion.

29
Q

What do SU’s used in T2DM do to the potassium ion channel?

A

Close the channel by causing depolarization and insulin release independant of plasme glucose concentration

30
Q

Give some examples of Sulfonylureas?

A

Tolbutamide
Glibeclamide
Glyburide
Glipizide

31
Q

How do SU’s act?

A

The displace the binding of ADP-Mg2+ from the SUR1 subunit.

32
Q

What can go wrong with SU’s?

A

Hypog

Weight gain

33
Q

How do Glinides (Meglitinides) work?

A

Bind to SUR1 to close the K+ channeland trigger insulin release

34
Q

What are some examples of Glinides?

A

Repaglinide

Nateglinide

35
Q

What does ingestion of food stimulate?

A

Release of GLP-1 and GIP from enteroendocrine cells in small intestine.

36
Q

Where are L and K cells found?

A 
L = ileum + colon
K = jejunum + duodenum
37
Q

What do GLP-1 and GIP cells do?

A

Insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells and delay gastric emptying
GLP-1 also decreases glucagon from pancreatic alpha-cells

Endocrinology (21 decks)

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