Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the epithelium

Answer 1

hydrophobic/lipophilic

Question 2

What is the stoma

Answer 2

hydrophillic/lipophobic

Question 3

What drugs penetrate the epithelium

Answer 3

lipid soluble

Question 4

What drugs penetrate the stoma

Answer 4

water soluble

Question 5

name a drug which has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties

Answer 5

chloramphenicol

Question 6

What can reduce the hydrophobic nature of the epithelium

Answer 6

ocular inflammation

Question 7

What makes steroids more hydrophobic

Answer 7

alcohol or acetate

Question 8

what makes steroids more hydrophilic

Answer 8

phosphate

Question 9

What drug will penetrate the uninflammed cornea well

Answer 9

prednisoline acetate - hydrophobic so penetrates epithelium well
used post operatively

Question 10

What steroid will now penetrate the uninflammed cornea and why

Answer 10

prednisolone phosphate because it is hydrophilic

used in corneal disease or when a low dose steroid is required

Question 11

What drug can aid the corneal penetration of some drugs

Answer 11

benzalkonium

Question 12

What drug is used to lower IOP in glaucoma

Answer 12

bimatoprost

Question 13

how does chloramphenicol work

Answer 13

stops bacterial protein being made by inhibiting peptidyl transferase enzyme
bacteriocidal for strep and haemophilus
bacteriostatic for staph

Question 14

what are the side effects of choramphenicol

Answer 14

allergy
aplastic anaemia
grey baby syndrome

Question 15

what antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 15

quinolones eg ofloxacin

Question 16

What antibiotics inhibit cell wal synthesos

Answer 16

penicillins and cephalosporins

Question 17

how does zovirax work and when is it used

Answer 17

inhibits viral DNA synthesis

used for dendritic ulcers in viral keratitis

Question 18

When are steroids used

Answer 18

post op cataracts
uveitis
to prevent rejection of corneal graft

Question 19

Name some medication used to treat glaucoma

Answer 19

prostanoids eg latanoprots
Beta blockers eg timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors eg topical - dorzolamide or systemic- acetazolamide
Alph adrenergic agonisits eg brimonidine
Parasympathetomimetric eg pilocarpine

Question 20

how do local anaesthetics work on the eye

Answer 20

blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

Question 21

When are local anasthetics used

Answer 21

FB removal
tonometry
corneal scraping
comfort

Question 22

What is tonometry used to measure

Answer 22

IOP

Question 23

What is the most commonly used diagnostic dye and when is it used

Answer 23

fluorescein
corneal abrasion
tonometry
diagnosisng nasolcrimal duct obsurction
angiography

Question 24

Name two mydriatics

Answer 24

tropicamide

cyclopentolate

Question 25

Name two side effects of mydriatics

Answer 25

blurring

closed angle glaucoma

Question 26

Name two sympathomimetrics

Answer 26

phenylephrine

atropine

Question 27

What do sympathomimetics do

Answer 27

act on sympathetic system
cause pupil to dialate
do not effect ciliary muscle

Question 28

what drug can constrict visual fields

Answer 28

vigabatrin

Question 29

what can cause optic neuropahty

Answer 29

ethambutol

Question 30

what causes maculopathy

Answer 30

chloroquine