Pharmacology Flashcards
What is the epithelium
hydrophobic/lipophilic
What is the stoma
hydrophillic/lipophobic
What drugs penetrate the epithelium
lipid soluble
What drugs penetrate the stoma
water soluble
name a drug which has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties
chloramphenicol
What can reduce the hydrophobic nature of the epithelium
ocular inflammation
What makes steroids more hydrophobic
alcohol or acetate
what makes steroids more hydrophilic
phosphate
What drug will penetrate the uninflammed cornea well
prednisoline acetate - hydrophobic so penetrates epithelium well
used post operatively
What steroid will now penetrate the uninflammed cornea and why
prednisolone phosphate because it is hydrophilic
used in corneal disease or when a low dose steroid is required
What drug can aid the corneal penetration of some drugs
benzalkonium
What drug is used to lower IOP in glaucoma
bimatoprost
how does chloramphenicol work
stops bacterial protein being made by inhibiting peptidyl transferase enzyme
bacteriocidal for strep and haemophilus
bacteriostatic for staph
what are the side effects of choramphenicol
allergy
aplastic anaemia
grey baby syndrome
what antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
quinolones eg ofloxacin
What antibiotics inhibit cell wal synthesos
penicillins and cephalosporins
how does zovirax work and when is it used
inhibits viral DNA synthesis
used for dendritic ulcers in viral keratitis
When are steroids used
post op cataracts
uveitis
to prevent rejection of corneal graft
Name some medication used to treat glaucoma
prostanoids eg latanoprots
Beta blockers eg timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors eg topical - dorzolamide or systemic- acetazolamide
Alph adrenergic agonisits eg brimonidine
Parasympathetomimetric eg pilocarpine
how do local anaesthetics work on the eye
blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction
When are local anasthetics used
FB removal
tonometry
corneal scraping
comfort
What is tonometry used to measure
IOP
What is the most commonly used diagnostic dye and when is it used
fluorescein corneal abrasion tonometry diagnosisng nasolcrimal duct obsurction angiography
Name two mydriatics
tropicamide
cyclopentolate
Name two side effects of mydriatics
blurring
closed angle glaucoma
Name two sympathomimetrics
phenylephrine
atropine
What do sympathomimetics do
act on sympathetic system
cause pupil to dialate
do not effect ciliary muscle
what drug can constrict visual fields
vigabatrin
what can cause optic neuropahty
ethambutol
what causes maculopathy
chloroquine
