Microbiology Flashcards
What is conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctivia
What is keratitis
corneal inflammation
What describes inflammation of the entire globe
endophthalmitis
what commonly causes bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates
staph aureus
neisseria gonorrhaeae
chlamydia thrachomatis
How should all cases of neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis be dealt with
refer to opthalmology
What are common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in general
staph aureus
strep pneumoniae
h,influenzae
What tends to cause conjunctivitis in children
h. influenzae
What is the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis
Swab
topical antibiotics vie drop or ointment
What topical antibiotic is used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis and how often is it administered
chloramphenical
four times daily
What group of patients should chloramphenicol be avoided in
aplastic anaemia
What is the most common contaminatnt of a topical antibiotic bottle
pseudomonas
What causes conjunctivitis in contact lense wearers
acanthamoeba
pseudomonas aeruginosa
Name three causes of viral conjunctivitis
adenovirus
herpes simplex
herpes zoster
What does adenovirus conjunctivitis usually present with
chemosis
lip oedema
palpable pre auricular lymph node
What type of conjunctivitis ishould be suspected in young people with bilateral conjunctivitis
chlamydial
usually more chronic history
What is caused by chlamydial conjuncticitis
subtarsal scarring
what is often associated with a bacterial keratititis
hypopyon
how is bacterial keratitis managed
Need admission for hourly drops
Daily review
Usually in association with other corneal pathology or contact lens wear
what causes viral keratitis
herpes
adenovirus
what forms in herpetic keratis
dendritic ulcer
why should you not treat herpetic keratitis with steroids
corneal melt and perforation of the cornea will occur
what is important about adenovirus keratitis/conjunctivitis
it is contagious
What other eye infections can result in a hypopyon
fungal
what is the history usually like for fungal keratitis
trauma from vegetation
What are the symptoms of orbital cellulitis
painful particularly when moving the eye
proptosis
paranasal sinusiits
pyrexia
What scan should be done in patients with orbital cellulitis and why
CT scan to identify orbital abscesses
what causes orbital cellulitis
staph strep coliforms haemophilus influenzae anaerobes
when can endopthalmitis occur
post surgery or can be endogenous
What are the symptoms of endopthalmitis
very very painful
red eye
decreasing vision
sight threatening
what organisms usually cause endopthalmitis
commensals
most common is Staph epidermidis
what is the treatment of endopthalmitis
intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin
plus topical antibiotics
What causes chorioretinitis
CMV in AIDs Toxoplasma gondii (protazoan) Toxocara canis (worm) (parasite)
How are keratitis diagnosed
corneal scrapes
How is endopthalmitis diagnosed
aqueous/vitreous humour for cultur
When is microscopy used
acanthamoeba
When is serology used
toxoplasma and toxocara
what three drugs can treat bacterial conjunctivitis
chloramphenicol
fusidic acid
gentamicin
what bacteria cannot be treated by chloramphenicol and what should be used instead
pseudomonas
treat with gentamicin (gram negatives)
what do you give for chlamydial conjunctivitis
topical oxytetracycline
adults need azithromycin for genital chlamydia infection
what do you give for herpetic conjunctivits
topical or oral antivirals (aciclovir)
how do you treat bacterial keratiis
either a 4 quinolone (ofloxacin)
or gentamicin and cefuroxime
what bacteria does ofloxaxin treat
most gram negatives but NOT strep pneumoniae
what will gentamycin and cefuroxime treat
most gram positive and gram negativ organisms
what is dacrocystitis
inflammation of the lacrimal sac
