Pharmacology 2015-2019 Flashcards
What TEG and PT parameters are used for therapeutic drug monitoring for rivaroxaban in dogs?
1.5-1.9X PT prolongation and
R value of TEG w/in 3 hours post administration
Therapeutic monitoring of rivaroxaban in dogs using thromboelastography and prothrombin time JVIM 2019
Does transdermal Keppra achieve adeuqate blood levels?
When administered 3 times daily >/= to 5 ug/mL is achieved.
Serum levetiracetam concentrations after transdermal levetiracetam administration, 3 times daily, to healthy cats JVIM 2019
At what point does repeated famotidine effecicacy decrease?
As early as 3 days
Repeated Famotidine Administration Results in a Diminished Effect on Intragastric pH in Dogs JVIM 2018
What is the general response rate across many immune-mediated diseases for leflunamide?
Side effects?..
70%
Dose is lower than previously suggested (1-2 mg/kg/day vs 3-4 mg/kg/day)
GI, unexplained hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, increased liver enzymes - related to dose.
A Retrospective Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Leflunomide in Dogs JVIM 2017
What dose of ciprofloxacin may achieve blood concentrations necessary for most common bacterial isolates?
25 mg/kg once daily
0.06 ug/mL is acceptable bloo concentration
Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Clinical Canine Patients JVIM 2017
What is the known shelf-life of compounded torsemide?
90 days -
torsemide 5 mg/mL suspension for oral administration compounded in OraPlus:Sweet 1:1 buffered to a pH of 8.3.
Long-term Stability of a Compounded Suspension of Torsemide (5 mg/mL) for Oral Administration JVIM 2017
Is IV mycophenolate a viable route of administration for cats?
No -
highly variable drug levels may result in differences in adverse effects and drug efficacy
Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid after Intravenous Administration of Mycophenolate Mofetil to Healthy Cats JVIM 2017
Is posaconazole a viable treatment option for cats with fungal disease?
PO administration is poor and variable but still achieves theapeutic doses.
Duration of action is long - q 48 hr is possible
Posaconazole Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Cats after Oral and Intravenous Administration JVIM 2016
What are the known impacts of azathioprine administration on the liver in dogs?
Noted changes in 14 days
Median 9 fold ALT and 8 flod ALP - resolved after discontinuation of drug
Thrombocytopenia and neutropenia can also occur w/in 53 d
Incidence, Timing, and Risk Factors of Azathioprine Hepatotoxicosis in Dogs JVIM 2015
Does ranitidine successfully supress gastric acidity in healthy cats?
No
The Effect of Orally Administered Ranitidine and Once-Daily or Twice-Daily Orally Administered Omeprazole on Intragastric pH in Cats JVIM 2015
Does omeprazole successfuly suppress gastric acidity in cats?
Omeprazole q 12 hr does but not q 24 hr
The Effect of Orally Administered Ranitidine and Once-Daily or Twice-Daily Orally Administered Omeprazole on Intragastric pH in Cats JVIM 2015
Mechaism action acepromazine?
MDR drug Phenothiazine neuroleptic agent Blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors Decrease dopamine release Vasodilation of alpha-1 blockade Use of epinephrine concurrently can result in further decrease in blood pressure
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Mechanism action acetylcysteine?
Thiol donor which stimualtes glutathione stimulation
Improves blood flow w/ nitric oxide production
Airways - reduces viscosity of purulent and nonpurulent secretions
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Mechanism of action Afoxolaner?
Isoxazoline
Blocks pre-and post synaptic transfer of chloride across cell membranes > inhibits > paralysis and death of susceptible ticks and insects
Death of ticks and fleas occurs after bitten and fed
Which insects are isoxazoline effective against?
Fleas, ixodes, dermacentor, amblyomma, rhipicephalus
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Mechanism of action albendazole?
Antihelminitic - nematodes, tremadoes, cetods, protozoa
Disruption of intracellular microtubular transport sytems by binding tubules
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Mechanism of action of albuterol?
Sympathomimetic
stimulates B2-adrenergic recptors in vascular smooth muscle
**does not activate B1 (found in heart)
Adverse effects are dose related: increased heart rate, CNS excitement, dizziness - usually transient
**In cats can cause inflammation d/t R,S albuteral racemic mixture
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Mechanism of action of alendronate?
Bisphosphonate - reduces osteroclastic bone resporption
Binds to hydroxyapatite - inhibits osteoclast function
May help with apoptosis of cancer cells
Give w/o food
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Mechanism of action alfaxalone?
Neuroactive steroid
Modulation of neuronal cell membrane cloride ion transport via GABA activation
Not an analgestic
When used as sole agent, can cause opisthotonos, muscle tremors, hyperreactivitiy, excitment
DEA IV drug
May induce apnea when given IV
Preanesthetic agent can reduce induction dose - phenothiazine, alpha2-adrenergic recpeetor agonist, benzodiaepie, opiod
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Allopurinol MOA?
Inhibits xanthine oxidase - prevents conversion of oxypurine to uric acid
Inhibits Leishmania by limiting purines required for survival
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Amikacin MOA?
Aminoglycoside Binds to 30s subunit Bactericidal Aerobic gram neg, some gram pos E.coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Shigella, Mycoplasma, Staph Nephro ototoxicity - eight cranial nerve toxicity - hearing loss, vestibular signs; may be reversible neuromuscular bloxade Cats may be more susceptible
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MOA aminocaproic acid?
Inhibition of fibrinolysis
inhibits plasminogen acivator and some antiplasmin
*Greyhounds
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MOA Aminophylline?
Competitive PDE III inhibitor > increases cAMP > increases endogenous epinpehrine
(may also decrease histamine)
Directly relaxes smooth muscle in bronchi and pulmonary vasculature
Weak chronoctropic and inotropic effects
Toxicity: tachycardia, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures
May induce diuresis, vasodilate arterioles and veis, increase gastric acid secretion, inhibit mast cell release
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What concurrent drugs increase theophylline blood levels?
**increases theophylline** Allopurinol beta blockers calcium channel blockers cimetidine steroids estrogen flucaonazole fluoroquinolones Macrolides SSRI Thyroid supplementation Plumbs
What concurrent drugs decease theophylline blood levels?
**Decrease levels** Benzodiazepie lithium Pancuronium Propofol
MOA amlodipine?
Calcium channel blocker
Hypertension treatment
Dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel blocker»_space; inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels in cardiac and smooth muscles
Gut decontamination is recommended in the incidences of toxicity
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MOA amoxicillin?
aminopenicillin - similar spectum to ampicillin
Time-dependent, bactericidal
inhitibits cell wall synthesis - mucopeptide
Better absorbed compared to ampicillin
Gram-negative aerobes - e.coli, klebsiella, haemophilus
inactivated w/o clauvulated against staph
MOA amoxi/clav
Clav - extensively metabolized to make 1-amino-4-hydroxybutan-2-one which may be beta-latamase-inhibiting activity
Extends spectrum to: Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Proteus,
Staphylococcus, and Bacteroides and other anaerobes. Ineff ective :
Pseudomonas , Enterobacter
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MOA amphotericin
Binds to ergosterol in feugnal cell wall memmbrane, alters permeability, intracellular potassium and other cellular constituants to leak out
Blasto, asper, paracoccidiodes, coccidiodes, histoplasma, cryptococcus, mucor, sporothrix
Nephrotoxic - lipid formulations are less likely to be nephrotoxic
MOA Atovaquone
Antifungal, antiprotozoal
Blocks cytochromes - inhibited nucleic acid and adenosine triphospate syntehsis
Lipid soluble, low CSF penetration
Usesd for Pneuocystosis
In combination with Azithromycin for B. gibsoni
Adverse rxn: nausea, vomiting, dermal hypersensitivity, fetotoxic, hypoglycemia, anemia, neturopenia
MOA Azithromycin
macrolide
better absorbed than erythromycin
inibits 50s subnit
Gm pos: strep, staph
gm neg: salmonella, bordetella, helicobacter, bartonella
anaerobe: clostidirum, bacteroidies
others: mycoplasma, chamydia, borrelia, giardia, toxoplasma, cryptosporidium, babesia, mycobacterium
**most effective macrolide ataings Toxoplasma
MOA benznidazole
Nitroimidazole (analogue of metronidazole)
Trypnaosoma cruzi
Adverse rxn - V/D, cutaneous reactions
MOA apomorphine?
stimualtes doapmine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone
CNS depression and stimulation - mostly stimulation
Intranasal onset of action - 20 minutes
IV 1 minute
SQ 13 minutes
IM longest
Duration of action - abt 30-45 min
**do not mix with: antihistamines (additive sedation), CNS depressant( alpha adrenergic [dexmed, benzo, gabapentin]), meclizine, serotonin antagonists (negates the emetic)
Naloxone can help with resp but not cardio or emetic effects
MOA asparaginase
Catalyzes asparagine into ammonia and aspartic acid
Greatest efficacy at the postmitotic stage
Adverse effects:
hypersensitivity rxn - v/d, urticaria, pruritis, dyspnea, restlenessness, hypotension, collapse
Protein synthesis: hemorrhagic pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity, coagulation defects
Hyperglycemia d/t insulin synthesis desturbances
