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Acvim Journals 2015-2019 > Infectious 2015-2019 > Flashcards

Infectious 2015-2019 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall prevelance of T. cruzi in shelter dogs in Texas?

A

18.1% in 608 shelter dogs
D. immitis in 16%

Repeated cross-sectional study of Trypanosoma cruzi in shelter dogs in Texas, in the context of Dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne pathogen prevalence JIVM 2019

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2
Q

What were some noted clinicopathologic findings in 41 dogs w/ natural E. ewingii infecection?

A

Renal disease 17 % IMHA 15%
Neutrophilia 57%, increased ALP 57%, ALT 40%, SDMA 32%
Proteinuria 74%
Concurrent E/ canis in 43% by IFA and ELISA 83%
Concurrent bartonella in 3%, Rickettsia 31%, B. burgdorferia 2%

Clinicopathological findings in 41 dogs (2008-2018) naturally infected with Ehrlichia ewingii JVIM 2019

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3
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for carbapenem?

A

Broad spectrum of activity against gram‐positive and gram‐negative aerobes and anaerobes
Used to treat multidrug resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae infections, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella

Usage patterns of carbapenem antimicrobials in dogs and cats at a veterinary tertiary care hospital
JVIM 2019

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4
Q

Were culture results correlated with appropriate use of carabenems?

A

No - up to 50% of cases were not de-escalated

Survival rate was higher in patients that were administered these therapies.

Usage patterns of carbapenem antimicrobials in dogs and cats at a veterinary tertiary care hospital JVIM 2019

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5
Q

What is the association of B. canis inefection and serum lipid, lipoprotine and apoprotein concentrations in dogs?

A

Marked acute phase protein response

Sig lower median cholesterol, phospholipids and alpha-proteins
Higher APoA-1
Serum amyloid A correlated w/ HDL diameter nad ApoA-1

Association of acute Babesia canis infection and serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations in dogs JVIM 2019

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6
Q

What impact does T. cruzi infection have on cardiac function in dogs?

A

More likely to have VPC, combinations of ECG abnormalities and cTNI > 0.129 ng,mL

dogs were sig younger
no breed or sex
Odds were 13X if housemate or litter mate was concurrently infected

Risk factors and select cardiac characteristics in dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi presenting to a teaching hospital in Texas JVIM 2019

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7
Q

What is the expected prevalence of Babesia spp.?

A

2.9% of North American dogs

prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes infections in North American dogs JVIM 2019

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8
Q

What is the most common species of Babesia in NA dogs?

A

Gibsoni 1.7%, Vulpes 0.2%, Gibsoni + vuples .031%

prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes infections in North American dogs JVIM 2019

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9
Q

What breeds are most likely affected by B. vulpes?

A

Pitt-bull and American statfordshire terrier

prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes infections in North American dogs JVIM 2019

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10
Q

What are the possible clinicopathologic findings for dogs affected by B. vulpes?

A

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypergloculinemia, hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria

prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes infections in North American dogs JVIM 2019

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11
Q

How accurate are point-of-care cryptococcal antigen tests at succesful detection of infection?

A 
CrAg LFA (Immy, Norman, OK) 
Senss 92%, spec 93%

CryptoPS (Biosynex, Strasbourg, France)
Sens 80%, spec 96%

Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point-of-care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats JVIM 2019

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12
Q

Is minocycline an adequate substitute for doxycycline in the treatment of nonacute B. canis in dogs?

A

Yes

10 mg/kg PO q 12 hr minocycline X 28 days equivlat to same dose of doxycycline

Efficacy of Minocycline in Naturally Occurring Nonacute Ehrlichia canis Infection in Dogs JVIM 2018

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13
Q

What is the prevalence of bartonella in dogs from NA?

A

3.26% spp; koelerae > henselae > vinsoni

intact males > castrated or females
Mixed > pure bred
No seasonality
Broad distrubtipon
coninfection coommon

Bartonella Seroepidemiology in Dogs from North America, 2008–2014

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14
Q

How accurate is a POC B. gibsoni test?

A

gibsoni test and sppecies nonspecic similar (spec 99% ; 90 vs 87% sens)

Adequate as a screening test for shelter dogs

Rapid Diagnosis of Babesia gibsoni by Point-of-Need Testing by Insulated Isothermal PCR in Dogs at High Risk of Infection JVIM 2018

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15
Q

What are the benefits of fecal microbiotia transplant in puppies with parvovirus?

A

Shorter hospitalization time
Quicker resolution of diarrhea
No sig diffeence on mortality (36 w/o and 21 % w/)

Fecal microbiota transplantation in puppies with canine parvovirus infection JVIM 2018

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16
Q

What are some challenges in the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program?

A

client expectations, competition w/ other practices, cost of culture, lack of access to education, training and AMS (antimicrobial stewardship)

Barriers to and enablers of implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs in veterinary practices JVIM 2018

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17
Q

What is the prevalence of neurologic side effects after topical therapy for sinonasa aspergillosis w/ cribriform plate lysis?

A

1/9 dogs had one seizure - this dog had prior seizure activity

Treatment success was similar to other studies

Sinonasal aspergillosis: Outcome after topical treatment in dogs with cribriform plate lysis JVIM 2018

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18
Q

What is the noted prevalence of atovoqone B. gibsoni resistance in US?

A

M128 w/ coneys atovoquone resistant was in 12.1% of B. gobsoni.

Babesia gibsoni cytochrome b mutations in canine blood samples submitted to a US veterinary diagnostic laboratory JVIM 2018

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19
Q

What species of bartonella are most commonly implicated in endocarditis in dogs?

A

Bartonella henselae (Bh), Bartonella koehlerae (Bk), and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (Bvb) have been the most frequently documented species in North America

** B. vinsonii ssp. berkhoffi may be most common

Evaluation of cell culture-grown Bartonella antigens in immunofluorescent antibody assays for the serological diagnosis of bartonellosis in dogs

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20
Q

What are the expected clinicopathologic features and MRI findings in cats with nuerologic FIP?

A

Multifocal > vestibular > spinal w/o CNS
CBC/Chem normal in 7/24
20% Ventriculomegaly
15/19 had TW2 hyperintense on FLAIR - interstitial edema
meningeal nehancement in 22

Clinicopathologic features and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 24 cats with histopathologically confirmed neurologic feline infectious peritonitis JVIM 2017

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21
Q

What is the treatment success rate for administration of azithromycin and atovaquone for the tx of B. gibsoni in dogs?

A

93%
Azithromycin 10 mg/kg po q 24 h + atovoquone 13.4 mg/kg po q 8 hr for 10 days
negative PCR at 30 and 60 days

Efficacy of azithromycin and compounded atovaquone for treatment of Babesia gibsoni in dogs JVIM 2017

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22
Q

What are the most common hemostatic abnormalities in dogs with leptospirosis?

A

Anemia > thrombocytopenia > hyperfibrinogenmiea
23% had DIC

Hemorrhagic, hemostatic, and thromboelastometric disorders in dogs with clinical diagnosis of Leptospirosis: a prospective study JVIM 2017

23
Q

What are the expected TEM findings in dogs with leptospirosis?

A

c. Normal TEM (40%), hypercoagulable (40%), hypocoagulable (20%)

Dogs had lower mortality rate w/ hypercoag vs hypocoag

Hemorrhagic, hemostatic, and thromboelastometric disorders in dogs with clinical diagnosis of Leptospirosis: a prospective study JVIM 2017

24
Q

What is the level of concordance between PCR and ELISA testing for FIV in cats?

A

Overall good
7 cats ELIDA + and PCR neg
4 cats PCR + and ELISA neg

Using VI as a reference standard, there were 4 false‐positive PCR results, 5 false‐positive ELISA results, and 1 false‐negative PCR result (1 cat lost to follow‐up).

Recommend check different testing modalities if high suspcion for FIV

Commercially available ELISA and PCR tests for detection of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus JVIM 2017

25
What is the expected performance of 4 POC screening tests for FeLV and FIV?
SNAP sig more sens and spec Witness and Anigen sig more specific vs VetScan No sig diff for FIV Performance of 4 point-of-care screening tests for Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus JVIM 2017
26
What fibrinogen related abnormalities have been noted in naturall infected dogs w/ Angiostrongylus vasorum?
Hyperfibrinolysis in 67% w/ C/S and 11% w/o c/s of bleeding Hyperfibrinolysis associated w/o hypofibrinogemia in 605 of cases Hyperfinbrinolysis decreased or resolved w/ tranesamic acid Survival 67% NOT sig differe b/ dog w/ or w/o bleeding Hyperfibrinolysis and hypofibrinogenemia diagnosed with ROTEM in dogs naturally infected with Angiostrongylus vasorum JVIM 2017
27
What is the expected prevalence of vector borne pathogen associated immune-mediated disease (done in California?
33% of dogs had exposure Ehrlichia and Babesia most common Convalescent sampling, repeat PCR and use of novel PCR gene improved detection Prevalence of vector borne pathogens in southern CA dogs with clinical and laboratory abnormalities consistent with immune-mediated disease JVIM 2017
28
What is the time frame from vaccination in which detection of PCR from organisms w/in modified live vaccination?
PCR detected via nasal and pharyngeal swabs w/n 3-10 days aftr vaccination for Adenovirus 2, B. bronchiseptica and parainfluenza Adenovirus 2, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and parainfluenza molecular diagnostic assay results in puppies after vaccination with modified live vaccines JVIM 2016
29
What is the value in monitoring antigen levels i cats with histoplasmosis?
Urine antigen decreases w/ treatment Urine Ag elimination sens but less specific for disease remission Antigen concentrations as an indicator of clinical remission and disease relapse in cats with histoplasmosis JVIM 2016
30
What is the prevalence of enteropathogenis in dogs that frequent dog parks in a study from California?
38%: 54% of these dogs did not have diarrhea Younger dogs more likely Fecal consistency associated with presence and number of enteropathogens detected More frequent visits correlated with softer stools Prevalence of enteropathogens in dogs attending 3 regional dog parks in Northern California JVIM 2016
31
What prevalence of dogs visiting dog parts were seen to have giardia infection?
9% Nonzoonotic C and D PCR produced false negatives in 41% of cases that had positive floatation results Dogs with looser stools were more likely to have giardia Prevalence of enteropathogens in dogs attending 3 regional dog parks in Northern California JVIM 2016
32
What is the role of canine circovirus in diarrhea?
Prevalence 9 % here (11% in others) no correlation Prevalence of enteropathogens in dogs attending 3 regional dog parks in Northern California JVIM 2016
33
What are some known prognostic factors associated with acute B. canis infections
Higher lactate, TG, phosphate and lower HCT, WBC, PLT and proteins Prognostic markers in acute Babesia canis infections JVIM 2016
34
What is tick-borne relapsing fever?
Caused by spirochete bacteria Borrelia turicatae and Borrelia hermsii, transmitted by Ornithodoros spp. ticks Resolves w/ doxycycline characterized by thrombocytopenia and the presence of spirochetes on blood smear Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in Dogs
35
What azole can be used to successfully treat disseminated aspergillosis in dogs?
Posaconazole 40% remission, 60% clinical improvement high rate of relapse during tx or after cesssatio of tx - most dogs euthanized No adverse events Long-term survival \>1 yr is possible Treatment of disseminated Aspergillosis with Posaconazole in 10 dogs JVIM 2016
36
What clinical features and MRI findings have been reported in dogs w/ CNS aspergillosis?
5/7 cases had vestibular signs Hemorrhagic infartions and mass lesions noted Normal MRI noted Clinical features and MRI findings in 7 dogs with CNS Aspergillosis JVIM 2015
37
What is the role of bartonella in degenerative joint disease in cats?
Age, total DJD score, appendicular bone pain score and total pain socree were sig inversely related to Bartonella seroreactivity Less likely to have DJD w/ bartonella Relationship between degenerative joint disease, pain, and Bartonella seroreactivity in domesticated cats JVIM 2015
38
What coagulation derrangements have been noted in dogs with blastomycosis?
Luekocytosis, hyperfibrinogemia and increased thrombin antithrombi complextes No sig diff in PT, PTT, TEG or thrombin generation Hypercoagulability in dogs with blastomycosis JVIM 2015
39
For what duration can E. ewingii infection persist after natral tick infestation?
Up to 733 d. Persistent Ehrlichia ewingii infection in dogs after natural tick infestation JVIM 2015
40
Is there any clinical benefit to the use of amdiodarone + itraconazole to treat T. cruzi infection in dogs?
Clinical improvement was noted in treated group MST was longer (24 vs 16 months) in treated group Echocardiogram did not improve Investigation of a combination of amiodarone and itraconazole for treatment of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) in dogs JAVMA 2019
41
Is there a significant administration in drug absorption for compounded vs brand name itraconazole?
Compounded absorbed poorly and inconsistently - 2-8% of reference Liquid itraconazole is absorbed more quickly malf life 18-16 hours Comparison of absorption characteristics of oral reference and compounded itraconazole formulations in healthy cats JAVMA 2018
42
What are some clinical signs, and exepcted treatment outcomes in dogs with histoplasmosis?
Working and herding breeds more likely to have disseminated vs toy breeds more likekly to have GI Diagnosis is often based off cytology of rectal scrape or blood film Clinical remission in 64% with fluconazole and 71% with itraconazole - no sig difference Clinical signs, treatment, and prognostic factors for dogs with histoplasmosis JAVMA 2018
43
What are some negative prognastic indictaors for digs with histoplasmosis?
Great Pyrenes breed, dyspnea, O2 supplementation, icterus, palpalbe organomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypercalcemia, increased alp and hyperbilirubinemia Clinical signs, treatment, and prognostic factors for dogs with histoplasmosis JAVMA 2018
44
What are prognostic predictors for survival in panleukeopenia?
20% survival rate Lethargy, hypothermia (\<100 F), low BW at hospital admission, decreased leukocytes during stay Interferon – ω not associated with survival Survival estimates and outcome predictors for shelter cats with feline panleukopenia virus infectionJAVA 2018
45
In a study of 64 dogs with mycotic rhinusitis-rhinosinusitis - what was the treatment outcome with meticuous debridement and 1% clotrimazole application?
68% first time, 94% second time Mostly golden retrievers 34 had adjuntive itraconazole 6) Topical treatment of mycotic rhinitis-rhinosinusitis in dogs with meticulous debridement and 1% clotrimazole cream: 64 cases (2007–2014) JAVMA 2018
46
What is the seroprevalence of FeLV and FIV infection in cats in the US and Canada?
3% feLV, 3.6% FIIV Adults, outdoor, clinical disease, sexually intact increased odds for both Oral disease - 10% FIV 4.8 % feLV Bite wounds - 12% FIV 5.5% felv Unhealthy cats - 14% with either or both compared to 3.6% healthy cats Seroprevalences of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats in the United States and Canada and risk factors for seropositivity JAVMA 2018
47
What are some clinical, laboraory and hemostatic findings in cats with naturally ocurring sepsis?
Most common cause - pyo (10) \> peritonitiis \> panleukopenia \> bite wound \>abscess w/ diffuse cellulitis \> pyometra APTT, d-dimer sig higher protein c, antithrombin sig lower DIC uncommon - 18% no clinicopathologic abnormalities were sig associated w/ death Clinical, laboratory, and hemostatic findings in cats with naturally occurring sepsis JAVMA 2018
48
What are some predictors of outcome for outpatient therapy for parvoviral enteritis?
75% sruvived No sig diff in age, body weight or sex Dogs that were feady q 2-4 hours had a reduce mortality - only associated w/ positive outcome Evaluation of mortality rate and predictors of outcome in dogs receiving outpatient treatment for parvoviral enteritis JAVMA 2018
49
What are some noted systemic manifestations of cuterebra infection in dogs and cats?
Mostly dogs \< 4.5 kg 50% dogs, 14% had SIRS 40% DIC in dogs, no cats Overall mortality rate was 17% Systemic manifestations of Cuterebra infection in dogs and cats: 42 cases (2000–2014) JAVMA 2018
50
What is the clinical benefit for the oral administration of famciclovir for treatment of ocular, respiratory or dermatologic disease secondary to feline herpes virus?
Median time to improvement was shorter and degree of improvement greater. 17% had advere effects Oral administration of famciclovir for treatment of spontaneous ocular, respiratory, or dermatologic disease attributed to feline herpesvirus 1: 59 cases (2006-2013)JAVMA 2016
51
What is the diagnostic utility of an antibody based assay vs an antigen assay for the detection of blastomyycosis?
rBAD-1 antigen antibody testing had a high sensitivity and is a useful adjunnctive test to traditional antigen testing Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to a recombinant Blastomyces adhesin-1 repeat antigen as an aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs JAVMA 2015
52
Do anti inflammatories assist with survival times in dogs with pulmonary blatomycosis?
No JVECC 2017
53
This organism is noted on endoscopic biopsy of the colonic wall in a dog with tenesums, hematochezia, anemia and eosinophilia? What is the next appropriate therapeutic intervention?
Subtotal collectomy with itraconazole, terbinafine and a short course of steroids Successful management of 3 dogs with colonic pythiosis using itraconzaole, terbinafine, and prednisone JVIM 2019
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Acvim Journals 2015-2019 (11 decks)

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