Pharmacology 2

Question 1

Acute D+ may respond to symptomatic Tx, but chronic requires a diagnosis and specific treatment.t If an animal is vomiting, how must fluid be given?

Answer 1

Parenterally (IV)

Question 2

What are the 3 groups of anti-diarrhoea drugs?

Answer 2

Protectants/adsorbents
Opiates
Anti-cholinergic agents

Question 3

How do protectants/adsorbents work?

Answer 3

Adsorb toxins

Provide protective coating to inflamed mucosa

Question 4

Give two examples of adsorbents/protectants?

Answer 4

Kaolin-pectin

Bismuth salts

Question 5

How do opiates work?

Answer 5

Inhibit ACh release
Increases segmental contractions and decreases peristalsis
Slower gut transit time
Increased water absorption

Question 6

Give an example of an opiate (anti D+)

Answer 6

Codeine

Question 7

How do anticholinergic agents work?

Answer 7

Inhibit GI motility and secretions of GI tract

Question 8

Why may appetite stimulants be given to an animal with disease?

Answer 8

Anorexia common

Malnutrition exacerbates disease

Question 9

How can food be prepared to aid ingestion?

Answer 9

Warmer

Broken up

Question 10

What are 3 classes of appetite stimulants?

Answer 10

Benzodiazapines
Cyproheptadine
Glucocorticoids

Question 11

How do benzodiazepines work?

Answer 11

Increase GABA

Anti-serotonergic effect depresses satiety centre in hypothalamus

Question 12

Give an example of benzodiapines (appetite stimulants)

Answer 12

Diazepam

Question 13

How do cyprohepatdines work? (appetite stimulant)

Answer 13

Serotonin and histamine anatagonist

Suppress satiety centre in hypothalamus

Question 14

Give an example of a glucocorticoid (appetite stimulant)

Answer 14

Prednisolone

Question 15

What 4 anti-inflammatories can be used for bowel inflammation?

Answer 15

Sulfasalazine
Olsalazine
Tylosin
Metronidazole

Question 16

What is a side effect of sulfasalazine?

Answer 16

Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

Can cause dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)

Question 17

What can be used to treat pancreatic disease? What does it do?

Answer 17

Pancreatic enzyme supplements
Treat exocrine pancreatic insufficiencies
Contains lipases, amylases and proteases

Question 18

What can bile acids/salts be used for?

Answer 18

Stimulation of bile flow

Question 19

What does urso-deoxycholic acid do?

Answer 19

Inhibits absorption of bile acids

Prevents bile build up in body

Question 20

What can lactulose be used to treat?

Answer 20

Azotemia - patients with hepatic encephalopathy

Question 21

What metabolises lactulose? What is it metabolised too?

Answer 21

Bacteria

To organic acids (trap ammonia - reduce nitrogen)

Question 22

What are 3 examples of hepato-biliary cytoprotective agents?

Answer 22

SAMe
Silymarin
Vitamin E

Question 23

What properties do hepato-biliary cytoprotective agents have?

Answer 23

Anti-oxidant
Anti-inflammatory
(Silymarin antifibrotic)

Question 24

What needs stimulating when giving oral medication to calves/lambs? Why?

Answer 24

Oesophageal groove

Ensure drugs bypass fermentation chamber (ruminoreticulum)

Question 25

How can the oesophageal groove be stimulated before medication?

Answer 25

Warm milk
Sodium bicarbonate
Copper sulphate

Question 26

What three drugs can be used to restore rumen fermentation?

Answer 26

Cholinergic
Opiate antagonists
Rumen fluid transfer of viable ruminal bacteria/protoza

Question 27

How do cholinergics restore rumen fermentation?

Answer 27

Increase frequency of rumen contractions

Question 28

How do opiate antagonists restore rumen fermentation?

Answer 28

Stimulate extrinsic contractions

Question 29

What are rumen antacids used to treat? Give an example

Answer 29

Mild rumen acidosis

Aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate