Pharmacology 2 Flashcards
Acute D+ may respond to symptomatic Tx, but chronic requires a diagnosis and specific treatment.t If an animal is vomiting, how must fluid be given?
Parenterally (IV)
What are the 3 groups of anti-diarrhoea drugs?
Protectants/adsorbents
Opiates
Anti-cholinergic agents
How do protectants/adsorbents work?
Adsorb toxins
Provide protective coating to inflamed mucosa
Give two examples of adsorbents/protectants?
Kaolin-pectin
Bismuth salts
How do opiates work?
Inhibit ACh release
Increases segmental contractions and decreases peristalsis
Slower gut transit time
Increased water absorption
Give an example of an opiate (anti D+)
Codeine
How do anticholinergic agents work?
Inhibit GI motility and secretions of GI tract
Why may appetite stimulants be given to an animal with disease?
Anorexia common
Malnutrition exacerbates disease
How can food be prepared to aid ingestion?
Warmer
Broken up
What are 3 classes of appetite stimulants?
Benzodiazapines
Cyproheptadine
Glucocorticoids
How do benzodiazepines work?
Increase GABA
Anti-serotonergic effect depresses satiety centre in hypothalamus
Give an example of benzodiapines (appetite stimulants)
Diazepam
How do cyprohepatdines work? (appetite stimulant)
Serotonin and histamine anatagonist
Suppress satiety centre in hypothalamus
Give an example of a glucocorticoid (appetite stimulant)
Prednisolone
What 4 anti-inflammatories can be used for bowel inflammation?
Sulfasalazine
Olsalazine
Tylosin
Metronidazole
What is a side effect of sulfasalazine?
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
Can cause dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)
What can be used to treat pancreatic disease? What does it do?
Pancreatic enzyme supplements
Treat exocrine pancreatic insufficiencies
Contains lipases, amylases and proteases
What can bile acids/salts be used for?
Stimulation of bile flow
What does urso-deoxycholic acid do?
Inhibits absorption of bile acids
Prevents bile build up in body
What can lactulose be used to treat?
Azotemia - patients with hepatic encephalopathy
What metabolises lactulose? What is it metabolised too?
Bacteria
To organic acids (trap ammonia - reduce nitrogen)
What are 3 examples of hepato-biliary cytoprotective agents?
SAMe
Silymarin
Vitamin E
What properties do hepato-biliary cytoprotective agents have?
Anti-oxidant
Anti-inflammatory
(Silymarin antifibrotic)
What needs stimulating when giving oral medication to calves/lambs? Why?
Oesophageal groove
Ensure drugs bypass fermentation chamber (ruminoreticulum)
How can the oesophageal groove be stimulated before medication?
Warm milk
Sodium bicarbonate
Copper sulphate
What three drugs can be used to restore rumen fermentation?
Cholinergic
Opiate antagonists
Rumen fluid transfer of viable ruminal bacteria/protoza
How do cholinergics restore rumen fermentation?
Increase frequency of rumen contractions
How do opiate antagonists restore rumen fermentation?
Stimulate extrinsic contractions
What are rumen antacids used to treat? Give an example
Mild rumen acidosis
Aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate
