Comparative anatomy

Question 1

Describe the relative sizes of stomachs and intestines in carnivores, ruminants and simple herbivores?

Answer 1

Carnivore - large stomach, average SI, small LI
Ruminants - huge fore stomach, average true stomach and LI
Simple herbivores - small stomach, average SI, huge LI

Question 2

In which animals is the omentum most developed?

Answer 2

Ruminants

Question 3

In which species is the omentum least developed?

Answer 3

Horses

Question 4

What are the differences between the omentum in the dog and horse?

Answer 4

Horses don’t cover intestinal mass

Horses hae epiploic foramen

Question 5

What is the purpose of the epiploic foramen in horses?

Answer 5

Separates peritoneal cavity from omental bursa

Question 6

The supraomental recess is only found in which aniamls? What is the supraomental recess?

Answer 6

Ruminants

Space between deep leaf of omentum and intestines

Question 7

Where does the superficial wall of the omentum run from and to? (RUMINANTS ONLY)

Answer 7

Rumen on left

Descending duodenum on right

Question 8

Where does the deep wall of the omentum run from and to? (RUMINANTS ONLY)

Answer 8

Rumen on right

Descending duodenum on right

Question 9

What angle is the liver (in situ) in a dog, pig, horse and ruminant?

Answer 9

Dog - straight
Pig - straight
Horse - oblique (slanted)
Ruminant - 90 degree

Question 10

Where does the rounded border of the liver face in dogs/pigs, horses and ruminants?

Answer 10

Dogs/pigs - dorsally
Horses - dorsal and left
Ruminant - left

Question 11

In the horse and ruminants, which lobe of the liver (right or left) is more dorsal?

Answer 11

Right - more dorsal

Left - more ventral

Question 12

Which way is the liver displaced in ruminants and why?

Answer 12

Displaced to the right

Rumen on the left

Question 13

Which process of the liver has the right renal impression? What is this?

Answer 13

Caudate process

Where kidney contacts liver

Question 14

Which species does not have a renal impression?

Answer 14

Pig - kidney not in contact with liver

Question 15

What is different about the liver of a horse?

Answer 15

No papillary process

No gall bladder

Question 16

In which animals is the left and right lobes of the liber divided into lateral and medial?

Answer 16

Pig
Cat
Dog

Question 17

The spleen is closely in contact with which part of the stomach?

Answer 17

Greater curvature

Question 18

What is the shape of the spleen in the horse, ox, sheep, pig and dog?

Answer 18

Horse - comma shaped
Ox - tongue shaped
Sheep - oval 
Pig - elongated
Dog - hockey stick

Question 19

In which species is the pancreas surrounded by a portal vein? What is this vein called?

Answer 19

Horse and pig

Annulus pancreatis

Question 20

Which species have both and pancreatic and accessory duct?

Answer 20

Horse

Dog

Question 21

Which species has a pancreatic duct, but no accessory duct?

Answer 21

Sheep

Question 22

Which species has an accessory duct, but no pancreatic duct?

Answer 22

Ox/pig

Question 23

What is the torus pyloricus? Which species is it present in?

Answer 23

Fleshy protuberance of stomach

In pig and ruminants

Question 24

The pig has a gastric diverticulum. What is this?

Answer 24

Protruding pouch from gastric wall

Question 25

Which species has a large cardiac gland region and lots of lymphatic tissue in gastric mucosa?

Answer 25

Pig

Question 26

What shape is the stomach of the horse?

Answer 26

J

Question 27

The horse has the saccus caecum and margo plicatus. What are these?

Answer 27

Saccus caecum - enlargement of fundus | Margo plicatus - junction between glandular and non-glandular stomach

Question 28

Which sphincters are well developed in the horse stomach?

Answer 28

Pyloric | Cardiac

Question 29

What is the fermentation chamber in ruminants? Which side of the body is it on?

Answer 29

Ruminoreticulum | Left

Question 30

Which is the true stomach in ruminants?

Answer 30

Abomasum

Question 31

What does the omasum have to increase absorption?

Answer 31

Omasal lamina | increase surface area

Question 32

The SI is similar in all species. In which species is the ileum different and why?

Answer 32

Horse | Ileum thickened - acts like a valve

Question 33

Describe the anatomy of the duodenum

Answer 33

``` Cranial/sigmoid flexure Descending duodenum Caudalflexure Ascending duodenum Duodenal fleuzre ```

Question 34

In the pig, why is the SI pushed to the right?

Answer 34

Large intestine pushes to right

Question 35

Is the caecum on the left or right? Which species is the exception

Answer 35

Right in most animals | Pig - on left

Question 36

The descending colon is also known as what in horses?

Answer 36

Small colon

Question 37

The large intestine is sacculated and has taenial bands in horses. What is the function of saccule and taneial bands?

Answer 37

Aid mixing and propulsion

Question 38

How many taenial bands are in the LI of the horse? Where are they?

Answer 38

20 4 in caecum, right ventral colon and left ventral colon 1 in left dorsal colon 3 in right dorsal colon 2 in transverse colon and small (descending) colon

Question 39

In the pig, horse and ruminants the colon has taenial bands. What are these?

Answer 39

Bands of smooth muscle

Question 40

In the pig and ruminants, the colon has coils with taenial bands. What are the proximal and distal coils containing taenia called?

Answer 40

Proximal colon - centripetal coils | Distal colon - centrifugal coils