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GI > Pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aims when giving drugs to treat ulceration?

A

Inhibit acid secretion
Neutralise acid
Protect mucosa in duodenum

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2
Q

How do NSAIDs cause stomach ulcers?

A

Reduces prostaglandin which
Reduces mucus production
Stomach digests itself

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3
Q

What are two drug categories to prevent stomach ulceration?

A

Acid secretion inhibitors

Antacids (for already secreted acid)

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of acid secretion inhibitors?

A

Proton pump inhibitors

Histamine 2 blocker

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5
Q

How do histamine 2 blockers work? Give an example

A

Blocks histamine stimulation of proton pump

Ranitidine

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6
Q

How do proton pump inhibitors work? Give an example

A

Bind to H+/K+/ATPase

Omeprazole

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7
Q

How do locally acting antacids work?

A 
Neutralise laminal acid
Inhibit peptin cleavage
Protect mucosa
Act as adsorbent
Stimulate prostaglandins (mucus production)
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8
Q

Give 2 examples of locally acting antacids

A

Magnesium salts

Aluminium salts

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9
Q

Antacids can also be gastric protectives. What are these? and how do they work? Give an example

A

Viscous, acidic gels
Bind to ulcer and protect from acid
Sucralfate

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10
Q

Where is the vomiting centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

When may emetics may be given?

A

After toxic ingestion

Prior to GA

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12
Q

Why do animals need starving before GA?

A

Anaesthetic inducing drugs stimulate vomiting

Causes inhalation pneumonia

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13
Q

Vomiting can be either centrally or peripherally stimulated. Where causes this stimulation?

A

Chemoreceptor trigger zone
GI tract
Vestibular apparatus

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14
Q

Vomiting due to GI tract stimulation acts via which pathways?

A

Vagal sympathetic

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15
Q

Vomiting due to vestibular apparatus stimulation is via what afferent pathways?

A

Cholinergic/histaminic afferent pathways

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16
Q

How do centrally acting emetics work? Give a drug example

A

Stimulate chemoreceptor trigger zone

Apomorphine

17
Q

How do peripherally acting emetics work?

A

Stimulate vagal sympathetic afferent receptors in pharynx or stomach

18
Q

Give 2 examples of peripherally acting emetics

A

NaCl

Bicarbonate of soda

19
Q

Why my anti-emetics be given? What needs to be established before giving anti-emetics?

A

Prolonged vomiting causes acid/base imbalance and dehydration
Diagnosis

20
Q

What are the 4 classes of anti-emetics? (NAAA)

A

Neurokininin-1 antagonists
Antihistamines
Anticholinergics
Antidopaminergic agent

21
Q

How do antihistamines work as antiemetics? Give an example

A

Block histaminergic and cholinergic afferent pathway from vestibular organs to vomit centre
Diphenhydramine

22
Q

How do anticholinergics work?

Give an example

A

Block cholinergic afferent pathway from GI tract to vomiting centre
Propantheline

23
Q

How do antidopaminergic drugs work? Give an example

A

block dopamine receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone

Phenothiazines

24
Q

How do neurokinin-1 antagonists work?

A

Block binding of substance P= inhibits vomiting

Maropitant

25
Q

What are cathartics?

A

Drugs that accelerate defaecation

26
Q

When may cathartics and laxatives be used?

A

Relieve constipation
Remove toxic ingestants
Prevent tenesmus (incomplete defaecation)
Evacuate bowel prior to surgery/radiography

27
Q

What are classes of drugs that act as laxatives/cathartics?

A 
Osmotic cathartics
Irritant cathartics
Bulk laxatives
Lubricants
Surfactants
28
Q

How do osmotic cathartics work?

E.G?

A

Non-absorbable - increase osmotic pressure and water retention in lumen
Gut responds by increasing contractions to expel material
Lactulose

29
Q

Give two examples of osmotic cathartics

A 
Lactulose
Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts)
30
Q

How do irritant cathartics work? Give an example

A

Reduce fluid absorption
Stimulate peristalsis
Castor oil

31
Q

How do bulk laxatives work? Give an example

A

Contain hydrophilic colloids that absorb water
Stimulates peristalsis
E.g. sterculia

32
Q

What do lubricants do? Give an example

A

Lubricate and soften faeces

Liquid paraffin

33
Q

What do surfactants do? Give an example

A

Hydrate and soften faeces - cathartic

Docusate

GI (12 decks)

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