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RAD 1127 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS PHARMACOLOGY?

A

science that deals with the origin, nature, effects and uses of drugs.

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2
Q

WHAT IS A DRUG?

A

any chemical substance that produces a biological response in a living system.

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3
Q

WHAT IS DRUG USED AS OR FOR?

A

Used as medicine to aid in the diagnosis,
treatment,
or prevention of disease

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4
Q

WHAT IS “PDR”?

A

Physicians Desk Reference

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5
Q

What does the PDR DO?

A

Drug information resource available in Radiology Departments. The resource is updated yearly.

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6
Q

Drug Reference Includes:

A
  1. Drug Indications
  2. Drug Contraindications
  3. Possible side effects
  4. Dosage
  5. Administration
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7
Q

WHAT IS “INDICATION”?

A

something that is indicated as advisable or necessary regarding a specific medical treatment or procedure

(i.e., Oxygen is indicated for a patient who is having difficulty breathing).

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8
Q

WHAT IS “CONTRAINDICATION”?

A

something such as a symptom or condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable

(i.e., a patient with a known seafood allergy should not be given iodinated contrast media)

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9
Q

WHAT ARE SOME RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE RADIOGRAPHER?

A
  1. Have a broad knowledge of drugs
  2. Know the methods of administration
  3. Recognize emergency situations
  4. Assist medical personnel
  5. Obtain patient consent
  6. Maintain patient records
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10
Q

HOW ARE DRUGS CLASSIFIED?

A
  1. Classification by name
  2. Classification by action
  3. Legal classification
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11
Q

HOW ARE THEY CLASSIFIED BY NAMES?

A

a) Chemical name
i.e. 7-chloro-1, 3-dihydro-1-Methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepin 2-1

b) Generic name
i.e. diazepam

c) Trademark or brand name
i.e. Valium

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12
Q

HOW ARE DRUGS CLASSIFIED BY ACTIONS?

A

Drugs are classified in according to action or function.

i.e. Sedatives, Anti-inflammatory, Diuretics

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13
Q

HOW ARE THEY LEGALLY CLASSIFIED?

A

Drugs are classified by federal law as prescription or non-prescription.

i.e. Nonprescription – Tylenol
Prescription – Tylenol/Codeine

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14
Q

What are some Dosage Forms of drugs?

A

Tablets

Capsule

Suppository

Solution

Suspension

Topical

Transdermal Patch

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15
Q

WHAT ARE “TABLETS”?

A

Tablets – a scored-powered tablet that is swallowed.

Some tablets are coated so that the medication is not absorbed in the stomach but later in the small intestine.

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16
Q

WHAT ARE “CAPSULES”?

A

Capsule – is a liquid or powdered form of drug surrounded by a gel shell. The gel dissolves in the stomach.

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17
Q

WHAT ARE “SUPPOSITORY”?

A

Suppository – a drug that is delivered rectally or through the vagina or urethra.

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18
Q

WHAT ARE “SOLUTONS”?

A

Solution – the drug is dissolved in a liquid.

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19
Q

WHAT ARE “SUSPENSION”?

A

Suspension – the drug is combined in a liquid. The liquid will separate and must be thoroughly shaken before being administered. Suspensions may never be injected.

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20
Q

WHAT ARE “TOPICALS”?

A

Topical – a drug is applied directly onto the skin or the infected area.

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21
Q

WHAT ARE “TRANSDERMAL PATCH”?

A

Transdermal Patch – an adhesive Band-Aid like device is attached to the skin and releases the drug over time.

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22
Q

ACTIONS, INDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS

A

Drugs/medications are classified by what action they will cause.

Sometimes a single drug may produce multiple physiologic effects on the body therefore it may fall under more than one category.

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23
Q

What is “ANALGESIC?

A

drug that relieves pain without causing a loss of consciousness.

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24
Q

What are ANALGESIC CLASSIFIED AS?

A

Analgesics are classified as

-non-opioids (non-narcotics)

-opioids (narcotics).

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25
Q

What are NARCOTICS USED FOR?

A

Narcotics are used to treat moderate to severe pain and are capable of causing physiological dependency with regular use.

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26
Q

What are examples of non-opioid and opioid drugs?

A

i.e. nonopioid – Tylenol

opioid – Morphine and Demerol

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27
Q

WHAT IS “ANESTHETIC”?

A

A drug that causes a loss of feeling or sensation.

2 TYPES

GENERAL ANESTHETIC
LOCAL ANESTHETIC

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28
Q

WHAT IS GENERAL ANESTHETIC?

A

General Anesthetic – act on the Central Nervous System and by producing muscle relaxation and unconsciousness.

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29
Q

WHAT IS LOCAL ANESTETIC?

A

block nerve conduction to an area.

i.e. Penothal and Novocain

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30
Q

What are 2 drugs that block nerve conduction ?

A

i.e. Penothal and Novocain

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31
Q

What are Antianxieties?

A

drugs used in the treatment of anxiety.
i.e. Valium, Ativan and Buspar

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32
Q

EXAAMPLES OF ANTIANXIETIES

A

i.e. Valium, Ativan and Buspar

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33
Q

What are Antiarrhythmics?

A

drugs used to treat an abnormal heart

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34
Q

EXAMPLE OF A ANTIARYTHMITICS

A

Amiodarone

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35
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

drugs used to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

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36
Q

WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF ANTIBIOTICS?

A

PENCILLIN
DOXYCYLINE
AMOXILLIN

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37
Q

What are ANTICHOLINGERIC?

A

also called Antispasmatics,

Drugs that block the passage of impulses through the parasympathetic nerve impulses and thereby reduce spasms of smooth muscle.

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38
Q

EXAMPLE OF A ANTICHOLINGERIC

A

Atropine

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39
Q

WHAT ARE ANTICOAGULANTS?

A

drugs that inhibit blood clotting

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40
Q

EXAMPLES OF ANTICOAGULANTS

A

HEPARIN
LOVENOX

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41
Q

SOME OTHER

A

Anticonvulsant – drugs used to prevent or control seizures.
i.e. Dilantin

Antiemetics – drugs used to treat and prevent nausea.
i.e. Compazine and Zofran

Antihistamines – drugs used to treat allergic reactions.
i.e. Benadryl (Diphenhydramine)

Antihypertensive- a drug used to treat high blood pressure. (HCTZ)

Anti-inflammatories – drugs used to fight inflammation.
i.e. Motrin and Celebrex

Bronchodilator – drug that causes expansion or dilation of the air passages of the lungs.
Bronchodilators are used to treat i.e. asthma and COPD.
A common side effect of bronchodilators is tachycardia. i.e. Albuterol (Proventil).

Coagulants – drugs used to control hemorrhage or induce coagulation (clotting). i.e., Vasopressin, Menadione

Corticosteroids – drugs that reduce inflammation. i.e., cortisone, hydrocortisone and prednisone

Diuretic – drug that promotes the excretion of urine by the kidneys which causes the removal of sodium from the body. Diuretics are used to treat edema. Edema is the presence of excessive amounts of fluids in the tissues. i.e. Lasix

Emetic – drug that causes vomiting Emetics may be used to empty the stomach of a person that has ingested a toxic amount of a drug. i.e. Ipecac

Laxative – drug that promotes defecation (a bowel movement) and the elimination of feces from the colon.
i.e. Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)

Sedatives– or hypnotics, drugs to depress the central nervous system.
i.e., diazepam (Valium®) and alprazolam (Xanax®)

Stimulants – drugs that increase activity.
Stimulants may be used to increase the activity of the brain, spinal cord, respiratory system and the heart. i.e., Amphetamine, Ephedrine, Methamphetamine

Thrombolytics– drugs that are used to dissolve blood clots (thrombi) that have already formed.
* They are used in the cases of myocardial infarction and strokes. i.e., Heparin, Warfarin.

Vasoconstrictor– drug that constricts the blood vessels.
i.e. Norepinephrine (Levophed)

Vasodilator- drug that dilates the blood vessels.
i.e. Nitroglycerin

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42
Q

What are some RESPONSE FACTORS?

A

-Adverse Reactions
-Side effects
-Toxic reactions
-Allergic reactions

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43
Q

WHAT ARE ADVERSE REACTIONS?

A

Adverse Reactions- unintended or undesirable effects.

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44
Q

WHAT ARE SIDE EFFCTS?

A

Side effects – responses to the drug that are unrelated to the intended action.

45
Q

WHAT ARE TOXIC REACTIONS?

A

Toxic reactions – adverse drug reactions related to the dose of the drug.

46
Q

WHAT ARE ALLERGIC REACTIONS

A

Allergic reactions- is a sensitivity to a specific substance

47
Q

What is a substance called that related to allergic reactions?

A

called an allergen that is contacted
-through the skin,
-inhaled into the lungs,
-swallowed, or injected

48
Q

DO ALLERGIC REACTIONS HAPPEN IMMEDIATELY?

A

Allergic reactions may be immediate or delayed.

49
Q

What happens when you are exposed for the FIRST TIME?

A

While first-time exposure may only produce a mild reaction

50
Q

What happens when you are exposed “REPEATED TIMES/EXPOSURES?

A

repeated exposures may lead to more serious reactions

51
Q

IF A PERSON HAS HAD PREVIOUS REACTIONS?

A

Once a person has had a previous reaction, even a very limited exposure to a very small amount of allergen can trigger a sever reaction.

52
Q

WHAT ARE 2 TYPES OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS?

A
  1. Mild allergic reactions
  2. Severe allergic reactions
53
Q

WHAT ARE “MILD REACTIONS”?

A

Mild allergic reactions – Hives also called urticaria, itching of palms and soles of feet.

54
Q

WHAT ARE “SEVERE REACTIONS”?

A

Severe allergic reactions – dyspnea, dysphagia, wheezing, Hypertension, and cardiopulmonary

55
Q

What is a severe form of ALLERGIC REACTION THAT IS LIFE THREATNING?

A

A severe form of an allergic reaction to a drug that is life threatening is Anaphylactic Shock or Anaphylaxis. .

56
Q

What is Anaphylaxis?

A

Anaphylaxis is a sudden and severe allergic reaction that occurs within minutes of exposure, Progresses rapidly and

-can lead to anaphylactic shock and death

-within 15 minutes if medical intervention is not obtained

57
Q

Treatment for Severe Anaphylaxis:

A

Call for help

Maintain the patient’s airway

The radiologist will inject an antihistamine (Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl)).

An adrenergic may also be injected which will increase blood pressure and relax the smooth muscle of the respiratory system (epinephrine(adrenalin)).

Call a code if necessary and assist with CPR.

58
Q

WHAT WILL ADRENALINE CAUSE?

A

Adrenaline causes quickening of the heartbeat, strengthens the force of the heart’s contraction, opens up the bronchioles in the lungs and has other numerous effects.

The secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal is part of the “fight or flight” reaction that we have in response to being frightened.

59
Q

What are Idiosyncratic reactions?

A

an unusual response to a drug that is particular to only the individual.

All unusual reactions to a drug administration should be reported to the radiologist or radiology nurse

60
Q

Principles of Drugs Administration

A
  1. Right drug
  2. Right amount
  3. Right patient
  4. Right time
  5. Right route
61
Q

Methods of Administration

A

Three classes of administration routes:

-Enteral
-Parenteral
-Topical

62
Q

Routes of Drug Administration

A

Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Topical
Rectal
Parenteral

63
Q

Parenteral

A

-Ampule
-Vial
-Prefilled syringe
-Infusion drip

64
Q

Routes of Drug Administration

A
  1. Oral – by mouth
  2. Sublingual – beneath the tongue
  3. Topical – on top of the skin
  4. Parenteral – not through the GI but introduced by injection or some other route.
65
Q

An injection of a drug:

A

is a form of parental administration and Standard Precautions and sterile (aseptic) administration technique should be followed.

66
Q

Enteral Routes

A

Oral
Rectal
Vaginal

67
Q

Parenteral Routes

A

Intramuscular
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Intradermal

68
Q

Before administering any drug:

A

confirm the identity of the patient.

69
Q

After administration:

A

chart the drug and all pertinent information with regard to the administration.

70
Q

Topical

A

Wash your hands.
Wear gloves (without gloves the medication can enter your skin).
Monitor the skin area for irritation.
Chart all relevant information.

71
Q

Oral and Sublingual

A

Wash hands before administering the drug.
Never touch the medication.
Put the drug in a medicine cup or clean towel.
Chart all relevant information.

72
Q

WHAT IS Parenteral?

A

the drug is introduced into the body in a method that bypasses the GI system, such as the subcutaneous, the intramuscular, or often the intravenous route

73
Q

DRUG ADMINISTRATION SUPPLIES

A

Parenteral administration uses syringes and needles.

An angiocath is a safer device compared with other systems to use when performing venipuncture.

Needle diameters expressed in gauges

74
Q

Drug Administration Supplies

A

Drugs intended for use by parenteral administration are packaged in different kinds of containers.

-Standard hypodermic syringe
-Insulin syringe
-Tuberculin syringe
-Prefilled syringe

75
Q

Parts of a syringe.

A

Parts of a syringe.
Tip
Barrel
Plunger
Luer – Lok – attaches needles to
syringe
Needles (made of stainless steel)
Hub
Cannula or Shaft
Bevel

Needles and syringes are used only once and disposed of according OSHA regulations.
OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration

76
Q

HOW OFTEN 1 NEEDLE/SYRINGE IS USED?

A

Needles and syringes are used only once and disposed of according OSHA regulations.

77
Q

OSHA STANDS FOR?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

78
Q

Supplies for Injections

A

Syringe Sizes: 2ml to 50 ml

Needle Sizes:

Length – Measurement in the length of the shaft portion.
¼ inch to 5 inches.

Gauge – Thickness or diameter of the needle.

The smaller the gauge the larger the diameter.

i.e., A needle package labeled. “24g/1 ½ “indicates: 24 gauge and 1 ½ inches in length.

79
Q

What type of drug administration is INJECTIONS?

A

Injection – is a type of parenteral administration.

80
Q

What are SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS?

A
  1. Subcutaneous – the needle is inserted and the drug is injected directly beneath the skin.

Insertion of the needle:

45-degree angle.

Chart all relevant information.

81
Q

What are INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS?

A

Intramuscular – the needle is inserted and the drug is injected into a muscle.

Insertion of the needle:
90-degree angle.

Chart all relevant information.

.

82
Q

What are INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS?

A

Intravenous – the needle is inserted and the drug is injected into a vein.

Insertion of the needle:
15-degree angle

Chart all relevant information

83
Q

ANGLES OF NEEDLES

A

INTRAMUSCULAR- 90 DEGREE
SUBCUTANEOUS- 45 DEGREE
INTRAVENOUS -15 DEGREE 0R 25?

INTRADERMAL-10-15 DEGREES

84
Q

WHAT ARE NEEDLE BEVELS?

A

Needle Bevel – is the slanted part of the needle tip that is inserted into the skin.

85
Q

How should the BEVEL BE FACING, DURING AN INJECTION?

A

The bevel should be facing up during the injection.

86
Q

How does the SIZES OF BEVELS RANGES?

A

Bevel sizes range from long to short.

  1. SHORT BEVELS
    2.LONG BEVELS
87
Q

What are SHORT BEVELS used for?

A

Short bevels – used for intravenous injections.

88
Q

What are LONG BEVELS used for?

A

Long bevels – used for subcutaneous and intramuscular injections.

89
Q

What happens when drugs are administered by injections?

A

Drugs that are administered by injection are:

-rapidly absorbed and must be administered following:

-aseptic technique and
-Standard Precautions.

90
Q

Needleless Systems for IV Administration of Drugs

A

-Popular and widely used
-Reduces needlesticks
-Needleless systems use a hep-lock design and have a white ring on the port.
-The hep-lock identifies a needleless system, and needles should not be used

91
Q

Parenteral Administration

A

Drugs that are injected have a rapid onset of action because they are absorbed directly into the bloodstream.

All forms of parenteral administration require the use of a needle, syringe, and container.

92
Q

Packaging of Parenteral Drugs

A

Ampule

Vial

Calibrated Sterile Bottle or Plastic Bag-

93
Q

What are AMPULES?

A

a sealed glass container designed to hold a single dose of a drug that is only used once.

94
Q

What are VIALS?

A

small glass bottle with a sealed rubber cap.

Vials come in different sizes and may contain multiple doses of a drug.

95
Q

What are Calibrated Sterile Bottle or Plastic Bag?

A

used for drip IV infusion.

96
Q

What are 3 methods of IV ADMINISTRATION?

A

Three methods:

1.Slow injection rate with single administration route

2.Administration of a drug by intravenous bolus or intravenous push

3.Administration of a large volume of fluid using a drip infusion assembly

97
Q

What is BOLUS?

A

Bolus – is the total amount of a drug that is administrated.

98
Q

WHAT IS Intravenous Push?

A

the drug is injected quickly and at one time.

99
Q

What are Power Injectors ?

A

– used for radiographic procedures where a contrast media is introduced into a vessel using a mechanical injector assembly that will automatically deliver the solution while the radiographs are being taken.

The radiographer is responsible for the preparation of the assembly while setting up the room and the patient for the procedure.

100
Q

What is the Radiographer responsible for?

A

The radiographer is responsible for the preparation of the assembly while setting up the room and the patient for the procedure.

101
Q

DRIP INFUSION

A
  • Involves infusion via an IV assembly
  • Used for large volumes of fluid administered
    (Large volumes of fluid are delivered over a long period of time)

The solution or drug hangs from an IV pole and is administered slowly over time.

The solution is placed above the patient on the IV pole at a height of 18 to 24 inches above the site.

Unless otherwise directed by a physician 10 to 20 drops per minute is an acceptable flow rate of the solution.

Patients often come with IV pumps

Pay attention to the IV pump alarms

102
Q

IV Pump Assembly

A

An IV pump regulates flow rates electronically.

A controller regulates the flow rate by counting the drops and compressing the IV tubing to adjust flow.

Be aware of IV pump alarms.

103
Q

Sometimes an Intravenous Pump may be attached to the drip infusion tubing on the Iv pole which will monitor?

A

the flow rate.

104
Q

The radiographer should not/NEVER?

A

The radiographer should not turn off or reset the Intravenous pump if the alarm goes off but should notify a radiology nurse.

105
Q

What does the ALARM INDICATE?

A

The alarm indicates the solution is not flowing at the correct rate.

106
Q

Contrast Media in radiology may be administered via?

A

push method or
drip infusion method

depending on the radiographic study and the contrast used.

107
Q

intravenous

A

Intravenous – within a vein.

Most drugs given in diagnostic imaging are introduced into the venous system.

Radiographers should never leave patients unattended that are receiving IV therapy or IV injections, the patient must also be closely watched for reactions throughout the procedure.

Contrast Media or Contrast Agents – are diagnostic agents introduced into the body via body orifices or veins and arteries that will enhance subject contrast in areas in the body where there is low subject contrast.

Bolus Injection – the designated amount of a drug is introduced into the body all at one time.

Infusion – a larger amount of a drug is administered over a longer period of time (i.e. hours or days).

108
Q

Butterfly needles

A

– are commonly used for short term IV therapy.

Butterfly needles are short needles that have a plastic wing tips attached on both sides which makes it easier to hold the short needle as it is inserted into the vein.

109
Q

Common Rx Abbreviations

A

ac before meals
bid twice a day
cc cubic centimeter
g gram
h hour
hs at bedtime
IM Intramuscular
IV Intravenous
mg Milligram
mL Milliliter
pc after meals
PO by mouth
prn as needed
qh every hour
q2h every twice hours
q3h every three hours
qid four times a day
SC Subcutaneous
Stat immediately
tid three times a day

RAD 1127 (17 decks)

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