INFECTION CONTROL Flashcards
What are infections?
Infectious organism: Pathogen
are diseases caused by microbiologic agents or pathogenic organisms.
These are organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye and are called
“microorganisms, microbes, or germs
MICROORGANISMS THAT CAUSES INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE CLASSIFIED AS?
PATHOGENIC
INFECTIONS SUCH AS
microorganisms, microbes, or germs
What are diseases?
Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system (or combination thereof) of the body caused my microorganisms.
What are Microbiologic agents?
These agents are organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye and are called MICROORGANISMS, MICROBES OR GERMS
What are some example of MICROORGANISMS?
BACTERIA, VIRUS, FUNGI, PROTOZOAN PARASITES, PATHOGENS
How does infections occur?
Most infections occur when microorganisms enter the body through a:
- WOUND
-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-COUGHING OR SNEEZING CAN SPREAD IT
SOMEONE COUGHING OR SNEEZING CAN SPREAD HOW FAR?
VERY FAR AROUND EXAMPLE. ROOM OF CLASS
Why do we need to know about infections?
We dont want to spread or give it and also we dont no where it comes from example: common cold EASILY CATCH BY PATIENT
An flu we know where it comes from can be BIRD FLU (A VIRUS THAT AFFECTS BIRDS)
Can all infections cause a disease?
NOT all microorganisms cause a disease
Are microorganism essential to human life?
SOME are essential to human life such as (MICROBES THAT AID IN DIGESTION)
What does microbes aid in?
Microbes aid in DIGESTION
What are PATHOGENS? IT IS AN MICROORGANISM AS WELL BUT..
It is an infectious microorganism that causes disease
What type of Microorganism causes infectious disease?
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
What are pathogens?
Pathogens are infectious microorganisms that causes DISEASES
3 functions of pathogens
- multiply in large numbers and cause obstruction
- cause tissue damage
- Secrete organic substances called exotoxins
What can exotoxins produce?
Exotoxins can produce certain side effects such as: - high temperatures, nausea, vomiting and seizures
2 TYPES OF DISEASES I LEARNT OF
- IDIOPATHOC
- IATROGENIC
What type of disease is an IDIOPATHIC?
It is a disease where the cause or origin is UNKNOWN/ UNCERTAIN
What type of disease is IATROGENIC?
It is a disease that results from contact with a healthcare professional (GIVE PATIENT THE DISEASE OR GET FROM PATIENT)
EXAMPLES OF PATHOGENS THAT ARE INFECTIOUS
Bacteria:, causes strep throat.
Viruses: Influenza virus, which causes the flu.
Fungi: cause yeast infections.
Parasites: Plasmodium species, which cause malaria.
An example of IDIOPATHIC
Idiopathic epilepsy: Seizures that occur without a detectable cause, often diagnosed as “primary” or “essential” epilepsy.
An example of Iatrogenic
Infections from surgery: An infection that occurs at a surgical site due to bacteria introduced during the procedure.
4 MICROORGANISMS
1.BACTERIA
2.VIRUSES
3. FUNGI
4. PROTOZOAN PARASITES
What are Bacterias?
They are microscopic single cell microorganisms
examples of bacterias
TB STREP THROAT, BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA, SALMONELLA, LYME DISEASE
How can bacterias be classified?
They can be classified by the shape or appearance of the microbe under the microscope (i.e. cocci or spheres, bacilli or rod-shaped, spiral, spherical).
Are bacterias a prokaryotes?
Yes they are prokaryotypes
If bacteria are prokaryotes what does that mean?
It means they lack nuclei/nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum
SO since Bacteria lack a nucleus, where are DNA located?
The DNA are free floating in the cytoplasms
What does bacteria contain?
They contain Both DNA & RNA Cell membrane and cell wall:
The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, and many bacteria have a cell wall for protection.
Ribosomes: For protein synthesis
What technique can be used to classify bacteria?
Gram staining is a fundamental laboratory/staining technique used to classify bacteria based on the structural differences in their cell walls.
Where does bacterias reside?
Reside in host as a group or cluster called a colony
(BACTERIA) What can be given to the patient to help their immune system to fight the infections and control the spread of illness?
Antibiotic Therapy may be given that works with their immune system
Are antibiotics man-made and naturally occurring substances?
Yes antibiotics are man-made and naturally occurring which helps to destroy microorganisms (bacteria) within the body
Do Bacteria produce endospores?
Yes, bacteria produce endospores: Internal (formed within the bacterial cell), metabolically dormant (inactive), and highly resistant to the external environment (can withstand heat, radiation, chemicals, and disinfectants)
What are the smallest microorganisms?
VIRUS
What are viruses?
Virus is the smallest microorganisms that are known to produce disease in humans
A common cold is an example of?
VIRUS
Will virus affect patient that comes in 1 hr after coming to doctor?
WONT AFFECT PATIENT WHO COMES IN 1 HR AFTER, EXAMPLE: HERPES, HEPATITIS, COLD, SNEEZING, COUGH
Can a virus live outside a living cell ?
No virus cannot live outside a living cell; they need a host to survive and replicate inside of the cell of the host
Examples of Viruses
(i.e., common cold, influenza, HIV, AIDS, Mumps, Measles, mononucleosis, Herpes, Hepatitis), papillomavirus, covid 19
When it comes to viruses, how many antiviral agents exist and are viruses affected by viruses?
Only a few antiviral agents exist, VIRUSES ARE NOT affected by antibiotics.
What do virus contain?
Carry their own DNA OR RNA but never both, THey have a nucleus to contain their DNA, MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLS
What do virus lacks?
They lack cell wall and ribosomes
Can antibiotic target virus?
NO they cannot target antibiotic , only bacteria
Virus are Not affected by antibiotics.
Only a few antiviral agents exist. Antiviral drugs must specifically target viral processes (like replication or entry into cells) without damaging the host’s cells.
How does the virus spread and replicate inside the body?
Viral particle (virion) attaches to host cell, inserts its own genetic information, and then redirects host cell to produce new viruses.
What does multiplication of a virus depends on?
it depends on the health of the host
What is the typical size of a virus?
Size of a virus may vary from 20 to 250 nm.
How would you be able to observe a virus directly?
Direct observation of a virus is possible only through an electron microscope.
Can viruses remain hidden in the body and cause illness later?
May lie dormant for extended periods of time and then manifest in illness. MAY NOT KNOW SHE HAS A VIRUS AND FIND OUT LATER IT SHOWS UP
What are fungi and how many forms does it exist in?
exists in two forms,
1. yeast and
2. molds
And usually infects (WARM AND MOIST) moist-covered regions of the body.
Some examples of fungi are?
athlete’s foot, ringworm, tinea nigra, mold, LOTTA,
ARE fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic (has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
Are fungi larger than bacteria?
Yes their size is larger than bacterias
What are protozoan parasites?
an organism that spends part of its existence on or in another organism.
Some examples of protozoan parasites are?
.(i.e., malaria, pinworms, tapeworms, malaria, Trichomonas vaginalis).
Organisms of protozoan parasites
They are neither plant nor animal
Protozoan parasites organisms are?
organisms are classified separately from plants and animals, making them a distinct group. They are considered eukaryotic (has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
Size OF protozoan?
They are larger than bacterias
Protozoan parasites are classified based on?
Protozoan parasites are classified based on their motility and how they move in their environment. These organisms are typically motile, meaning they have the ability to move
Protozoan can ingest Food?
Protozoa can ingest food particles and absorb nutrients. Some have specialized digestive systems, while others digest food within their cells by engulfing it (phagocytosis)
COMMON PARASITIC INFECTIONS ?
pinworms, tapeworms-LIVE AND FEEDS ON BODY,
malaria, Trichomonas vaginalis- LIVE IN OUR HOST
Cleaning Equipment in the Radiology Department
According to the Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) recommends that areas of patient surface contact be cleaned with the following solution.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) recommends that areas of patient surface contact be cleaned with the following solution:
Sodium Hypochlorite (Chlorine Bleach) and water at a ratio of 1:10
(1-part bleach to 10 parts water)
Most Hospitals use prepared commercial cleaning solutions
RATIO FOR CLEANING ITEM
1:10
1 PART BLEACH, 10 PART WATER
ESTABLISHMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
- ENCOUNTER
- ENTRY
- SPREAD
- MULTIPLICATION
- DAMAGE
6.OUTCOME
What is the ENCOUNTER?
(begins in the normal birthing process
the contact of the organism with the host. (begins in the normal birthing process)
What about ENTRY?
the entrance of a microbe into the body. (Respiratory and digestive systems)
SPREAD?
the propagation of infectious organisms. (Sneezing, coughing)
MULTIPLICATION? (incubation period)
- the increase in the number of microbes. (incubation period)
DAMAGE
destruction that the microbe causes to the host.
OUTCOME
A result of the infectious agent’s encounter with the host.
OUTCOME CAN BE 3 OF THE FOLLOWING
-The host eliminates the infectious agent.
-The infectious agent overcomes the host and causes disease.
-The host and the infectious agent live in harmony.
CHAIN OF INFECTION ( 6)
- INFECTIOUS AGENT (PATHOGEN)
- RESERVOIRS
- PORTAL OF EXIT
- MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
- PORTAL OF ENTRY
- SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
What are infectious agents/pathogens?
Infectious agent :includes bacteria, viruses, and fungi that normally inhabit skin, mucous membranes.
What is the reservoir?
Habitat of organism (where they grow and reproduce)
The reservoir of infection is located?
Anywhere organisms can thrive
What is the Portal of Exit?
- the primary route of escape for the organism.
What is a source?
a person with or incubating the disease.
What is a fomite?
an inanimate object, such as clothing, or a table that is not itself harmful but is able to harbor pathogenic microorganisms. (i.e. x-ray table, soiled linen, needles)
STAGES OF INFECTIOUS PROCESS
- INCUBATION OR LATENT PHASE
2.PRODROMAL PHASE - ACTIVE/FULL PHASE
- CONVALESCENCE PHASE
WHAT IS THE INCUBATION/LATENT PHASE?
-Pathogens enter the host but they are apparent signs of illness or clinical symptoms.
-The period when the MICROORGANISMS REPRODUCES.
What is the PRODROMAL PHASE?
-EARLY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE ARE PRESENT
IE. GENERAL FEELINGS OF TIREDNESS
What is the ACTIVE OR FULL PHASE?C]
COMPLETE SYMPTOMS ARE MANIFESTED IN THE PATIENT
IE. FEVER, COUGH, CHICKENPOX, MEASLES
WHAT IS THE CONVALESCENCE PHASE?
IT IS THE PERIOD OF RECOVERY
-DEPENDING ON THE ILLNESS THE CONVALESCENCE PERIOD MAY LAST A FEW DAYS TO MANY MONTHS
THE mode of transmissionS ARE?
- Direct
a. droplet
b. direct contact - Indirect
a. airborne
b. vehicle borne
c. fomite
d. vector borne-mechanical or biological
TYPES OF INDIRECT TRANSMISSIONS ARE?
FOMITES, VECTOR, AEROSOL (AIRBORNE), VEHICLE
DIRECT TRANMISSIONS ARE?
.DROPLET
2. DIRECT CONTACT SUCH AS TOUCHING
Vectors may be:
insects or animals that carry a disease. EG. MOSQUITO (MALARIA), TICKS (LYME DISEASE), FLEAS
What are **vehicle (transports) **transmission?
transport of infection. A vehicle is any medium that transports microorganisms.
Common vehicle transmission involves:
Food, water, medications, and equipment (water contained with microorganisms)
What is airborne transmission?
diseased microorganisms suspended in the air.
eg, TB, MEASLES, VICERLLA, RUBELLO, INLUENZA
Airborne transmission of infection may occur as a result of contact with?
Droplets (SNEEZES AND COUGHS) and dust
(i.e. diseases in air)
small respiratory droplets expelled into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks,
What is indirect contact?
touching objects that have been contaminated.
( by coughing, sneezing or talking).
Indirect contact involves:
An object containing pathogenic organisms
What route of transmission involves touching a susceptible person with a contaminated object (e.g., an IR)?
Indirect contact
Which of the following rules must always be followed
regardless of the route of transmission of infection?
Handwashing must be performed
Which of the following does not require the use of gloves?
1. Airborne
2. Droplet
3. Contact
a. 1 only b. 2 only c.1,2 d. 1, 3
A.1 only
Which of the following requires that all equipment and personnel be carefully covered?
Patients with neutropenia (BLOOD)
The reservoir of infection is located?
Anywhere organisms can thrive
An IR can be a source of infection through:
Indirect contact
What type of infection transmission is defined as being spread primarily on contaminated items, food, or water?
. Common vehicle transmission
What are droplet transmissions?
infectious secretions
This type of infection transmission occurs when an animal contains and transmits an infectious organism to humans?
Vectorborne transmission
This type of infection transmission occurs as a result of coughing or sneezing
Droplet transmission
This type of infection transmission occurs when an infected person or contaminated object touches a host?
DIRECT Contact transmission
What are fomites?
An object that has been in contact with pathogens comes in contact with susceptible tissues
Fomites can be?
an inanimate object, such as clothing, or a table that is not itself harmful but is able to harbor pathogenic microorganisms. (i.e. x-ray table, soiled linen, needles)
A HEALTHCARE WORKER IS ACCIDENTALLY PUNCTURED WITH A CONTAMINATED NEEDLE, THIS TYPE OF TRANSMISSION IS KNOWN AS?
FOMITE
WHAT IS DIRECT CONTACT?
contact with the infected person or animal with a disease.
(i.e. touching, contact of blood and or bodily fluids).
Direct contact allows an infectious organism to move?
From the infected person directly to the susceptible host
Streptococci and bacilli are classified as what type of microorganisms?
a. Viruses
b. Bacteria
c. Fungi
d. Molds
bacteria
An iR IS USED FOR MULTIPLE PATIENTS, WITHOUT BEING CLEANED, ONE OF THE PATIENT DEVELOPED A SKIN INFECTION, WHAT TERM MAY BE APPLIED TO THE IR?
A FOMITE ( OBJECTS THAT HAS BEEN IN CONTACT WITH PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
An infectious microbe can gain entrance into the human body by?
BOTH Ingression and Penetration
An outpatient develops a staphylococcal infection after a surgical procedure, this type of transmission is known as?
Nosocomial and FOMITE
What are some HEALTH ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS?
-Nosocomial infections
-Iatrogenic infections
-Compromised patients
-Medical personnel
-Patient flora
-Blood-borne pathogens (BBPs
What are NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?
-Infection that originates in the hospital environment.
-Occurs after an initial incubation period of 72 hours.
-Nosocomial infection takes advantage of the compromised patient in the hospital.
What is an IMMUNO-SUPRESSED CONDITION?
Immuno-suppressed condition – a person whose body cannot adequately defend itself against a disease is said to be immune-deficient. Also referred to as “compromised patients”.
What are immune deficient [atient also referred as?
compromised patients
What are some common Nosocomial Acquired Infections?
-Urinary tract infections
-Respiratory infections
-Wound infections secondary to surgical procedures
Urinary system is primary site of?
nosocomial infections
What are SOURCES OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?
- MEDICAL PERSONAL
-PATIENT FLORA
-CONTAMINATED HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT
What are Medical Personal?
-Direct skin to skin contact with hospital staff.
-Also contact by ingestion or inhalation.
What are PATIENT FLORA?
Microorganisms that are routinely found in areas of the body exposed to the external environment.
i.e. Respiratory system, Skin, Gastrointestinal system, etc.
What is a Contaminated Hospital Environment?
Infections introduced through hospital environment.
i.e. Contamination through food, air, instruments, etc
What does it mean when something os CONTAMINATED?
Contaminated – any object, article of clothing or medical equipment/devices which has been exposed to pathogenic microorganisms are referred to as being contaminated.
What are BLOOD BORNE PATHOGENS?
Disease causing microorganisms that may be present in blood. i.e.(HVB) Hepatitis Virus, (HIV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
What is a COLD SORE?
Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), usually type 1 (HSV-1). A blood borne disease-latent period
What are INVASIVE PROCEDURES?
Procedures which include the insertion of needles, vascular catheters, endotracheal tubes and endoscope into the body which allows microbes to gain entrance into the body
What are MIcrobial Control within the Host?
-Defenses of the body
-Normal Microbial Flora
-Chemotherapy
- Immunization
What are Aspetis?
is the freedom from infectious
When is Medical Aseptis practiced vs when does surgical aseptis is practiced?
Medical asepsis is practiced all the time,
-Surgical asepsis is required for invasive procedures
What is medical Aseptis?
Instead of eliminating the number of microbes, it is kept as low as possible. The single most important component is frequent hand washing (i.e. hand washing and chemical disinfectants).
What is SURGICAL ASEPTIS?
Microorganisms have been completely removed or destroyed from the equipment and environment by means of heat or chemical process.
What is STERILIZATION?
Is the process of COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OR ELIMINATION OF ALL MICROORAGNISMS
Sterilization is applied before, during and after surgery to keep infection from happening.
What are the methods of Sterilization (SURGICAL)?
- Autoclaving (steam under pressure). - Most convenient method.
- Gas Sterilization
- Chemical Sterilization (germicidal solutions)
- Dry heat (temperatures greater than 300 degrees)
- Ionizing radiation
- Microwaves/non-ionizing radiation.
MOST CONVENIENT METHOD OF STERILIZATION IS?
Autoclaving (steam under pressure). Most convenient method.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS OF ASEPTIS ARE?
CHEMICAL: Disinfectants (chemicals) are used to kill the microorganisms.
Physical: 1. Heat is commonly used to sterilize called (Autoclave)
2. Freezing may be used
3. UV light
What are some Barrier Methods?
Healthcare workers may wear:
gloves,
gowns,
protective eyewear,
face shields etc.
These act as a barrier to prevent the spread of infection.
What is the PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)?
Is specialized clothing or equipment worn to prevent skin or mucous membrane exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material.
i.e. face mask, gowns and gloves.
What are some facts about HAND WASHING?
- Single most important means of preventing infection.
- Hand washing is a form of Medical Asepsis.
- Radiographers should wash their hands before and after each patient.
What form of ASEPTIS IS HANDWASHING?
MEDICAL ASEPTIS
HANDWASHING USES THE FOLLOWING METHODS?
BOTH CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
The process of eliminating as many organisms as possible by the use of water and chemical disinfectants is called:
Medical asepsis
The process of eliminating all organisms from the environment by gas sterilization, use of germicides, or use of dry heat is called?
Surgical asepsis
What is usually used to perform medical asepsis?
Soap and water
After all radiographic or fluoroscopic procedures, the radiographer should use ________ to clean surfaces with which the patient was in contact.
Medical asepsis
The single most important component OF Medical aseptis is?
handwashing
The most effective method used to prevent the spread of infection is?
Handwashing
What are some facts about ALCOHOL BASED HAND RUBS?
- Require less time
- Convenient
- More effective for standard hand washing than soap
- More accessible than sinks
- Reduce bacterial counts on hands
Improve skin condition
METHODS OF MEDICAL ASEPTIS:
IN ISOLATION
When x-raying a patient in isolation the radiographer must do the following:
- Wash hands before entering the room and immediately after leaving the room
- ALWAYS WEAR GLOVES, AND GOWN, MASKS AS INDICATED ON THE ISOLATION NOTICE
- Cover the cassette with a plastic sterile bag
- Dispose of all contaminated laundry in a plastic biohazard bag located directly outside the patient’s room.
What is Isolation?
Is a physical separation of the infected person and the non-infected persons as a way of breaking the cycle of infection. It
What form of ASEPTIS IS ISOLATION?
MEDICAL ASEPTIS
What is ISOLATION PRECAUTION also called?
Isolation Precautions are also called Barrier Precautions.
What are the Types of Isolation?
- Contact Isolation
- Respiratory Isolation
- Disease-Specific Isolation
- Strict/ complete Isolation
- Protective Isolation/Reverse Isolation
What is Contact Isolation?
Diseases spread by close contact.
Contact isolation is a type of isolation that is used to prevent the spread of disease acquired from close contact with an infected individual.
What is Respiratory Isolation?
Spread by droplets, talking, coughing, sneezing etc.
This type of isolation is used to prevent the spread of infection acquired through respiratory droplets.
Patients are placed in a private room and all visitors and healthcare workers must wear masks when entering the room.
What is Disease Specific Isolation?
Patients with the same diseases are roomed together
What is Strict or complete isolation?
use of gloves, masks, and gowns when in contact with the patient.
These conditions are highly contagious and are easily transmitted by airborne or contact routes.
A private room with a closed door is essential.
What is Protective Isolation/Reverse Isolation?
*(These patients should be protected from us, we can easily give them a infection)
A modified form of Strict Isolation used for patients who are themselves at high risk for infection
from i.e., extensive burns or patients with severely compromised immune systems resulting from organ transplants.
- Masks, gowns, and gloves are indicated.
- Wash hands before and after entering an isolation room.
How should we keep Cassetts/ IR- Protected?
Cassettes must be placed in sterile bags.
(Must always be placed in a protective covering
When x-raying a patient in isolation the radiographer must?
Wash hands before entering the room and immediately after leaving the room
When mobile radiography is performed, the mobile unit?
Must be cleaned before it is brought into surgical areas or reverse isolation units and after their removal from most isolation units
When radiography is performed on patients in isolation, the IR:
Must always be placed in a protective covering
The first tier of transmission-based isolation precautions is called?
Standard precautions
What WAS STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PREVIOUSLY CALLED?
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
What are standard precautions?
It is observed to control the spread of HEPATITIS AND HIV VIRUS
What does STANDARD PRECAUTIONS MEANS?
Standard Precaution means that all patients are contaminated with HIV, HBV, or other Bloodborne pathogens.
Standard precautions of Infection control of?
Infection control of blood and certain body fluids.
Whar are some Fluids that require standard precaution?
blood, semen, synovial fluid, saliva, and CSF.
What are some Standard precautions taken for?
Hand washing
Gloves
PPE
Needle Recapping
Bio-Spills
What are Standard Precautions observed for?
Observed to primarily control the spread of Hepatitis B and HIV aids virus.
What should we always ASSUME?
We should always assume that anyone and everyone is infected and also everyone’s blood and bodily fluid is may be a source of infection
HOW DO WE PROTECT A PATIENTS CONFIDENTIALITY?
In order to protect the patient’s confidentiality do not ask patents if they are Hepatitis or HIV positive – assume that all patients are infected and observe standard precautions.
What do standard precautions involve whenever in contact with blood or bodily fluids?
Standard Precautions involve the use of barriers whenever contact with blood and/or bodily fluids are anticipated. They involve use of Barriers such as facemask, shield gloves etc
What does standard precautions does not apply to?
Do not apply to feces, urine, mucus, sweat, tears, and vomit unless they contain visible amounts of blood.
The placement of barriers between the health care worker and the patient assumes tha
There is always a contagion present
A system that emphasizes the placement of barriers between the health care worker and the patient is called?
Standard precautions
A system that uses barriers between individuals and assumes all patients are infectious is called?
Standard precautions
What is used for total protection of the health care worker from every method of transmission possible in the work setting?
Standard precautions
What are some body fluids that have been proven to spread HIV/AIDS?
Blood
Semen
Vaginal Fluids
Breast Milk
Other bodily fluids containing blood
These are additionally body fluids that may transmit the virus that health care workers may encounter:
-Fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord (CSF, cerebral spinal fluid)
-Fluid surrounding the bone joints (synovial fluid)
-Fluid surrounding an unborn baby (AMNIOTIC FLUID)
Some other precautions for all patient care are?
- Wash hands often.
- Wear disposable gloves whenever you may touch blood, bodily fluids and substances, mucus membranes or non-intact skin.
- Eye protection should be worn whenever there is chance of blood or bodily fluids splattering.
- Wear a plastic gown when clothing is likely to be soiled.
- Needles should never be recapped after use and should be placed in a puncture proof “SHARPS” container labeled for needle/sharps disposal. Do no break, bend or recap needles.
- Used items such as gloves, gowns, and eye protective devices should be disposed of in specially marked “CONTAMINATED” biohazard plastic bags.
The most effective method used to prevent the spread of infection is?
Handwashing
A radiographer should wear eye protection when?
Any time there is a possibility of blood splashing
Needles should be recapped after use when?
NEVER
Wear disposable gloves whenever you may touch?
blood, bodily fluids and substances, mucus membranes or non-intact skin
Any area that is touched by body fluids?
MUST BE WASHED COMPLETELY
Used items such as gloves, gowns, and eye protective devices should be disposed of IN?
specially marked “CONTAMINATED” biohazard plastic bags.
Used bandages and dressings OR gloves, gowns, and eye-protective devices must be placed?
Into red plastic biohazard bags and sealed (SAYS CONTAMINATED)
When do you wear a plastic gown?
clothing is likely to be soiled.
What does HIV CAUSE?
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) is not unlike other viruses however, AIDS at time this is incurable.
IS AIDS CURABLE?
AIDS at time this is incurable.
MORTALITY RATE OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IS?
Recent drug therapies have significantly reduced the mortality rate allowing patients to live longer with HIV and AIDS
What does HIV/AIDS DESTROY?
HIV and AIDS destroys a patient’s immune system leaving them susceptible to many diseases and conditions. The result is that patients are unable to resist secondary infections.
HIV IS A VIRAL AGENT RESPONSIBLE FOR?
AIDS
HOW CAN HIV/AIDS BE SPREAD?
Blood to Blood exposure
Sexual contact (unprotected)
Infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy or delivery
Breast feeding
WHAT IS HEPATITIS?
Hepatitis is a collection of viral diseases that affect the liver
HOW MANY TYPES OF HEPATITIS ARE THEY?
T TYPES OF HEPATITIS
WHAT ARE THE 7 TYPES OF HEPATITIS?
Hepatitis (A through G).
Are healthcare workers more likely to contract HEPATITIS IN THE WORKPLACE THAN HIV?
YES
Approximately how much health care workers are infected with hepatitis each year?
Approx. 10,000 workers
What is the reported mortality rate of hepatitis of workers?
200 reported mortalities rate
What is HEPATITIS B (HBV)?
Hepatitis B (HBV) is the most common type of blood-borne infection transmitted to healthcare workers following a needle stick or sharp object injury.
Healthcare workers can be protected against HBV by taking a series of vaccines.
The actual risks for medical workers contracting Hepatitis or AIDS are low.
Standard Precautions must be always practiced to prevent the transmission from patients to healthcare workers.
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF BLOOD BORNE INFECTION TRANSMITTED TO HEALTHCARE WORKERS FROM PATIENTS?
HEPATITIS B
HOW CAN HEP B BE TRANSFERRED TO THE WORKERS?
a needle stick or sharp object injury.
What are the ACTUAL risks of medical workers contracting HEPATITIS OR HIV?
LOW
WHY SHOULD WE NEVER RECAPP NEEDLES?
For healthcare workers the principle means of infections in the workplace is through accidental needle sticks and sharp injuries. Many accidental needle sticks occur when staff are recapping needles.
-Recapping is a dangerous practice: if possible, dispose of needles immediately without recapping them.
What is the steps to recapping the needle for the “ONE HAND technique”?
- (USED WHEN THEIR IS STILL MEDICATION LEFT FOR LATER USE ON THE PATIENT)
- Place the cap on a flat surface, then remove you hand from the cap.
2.With, one hand, hold the syringe and use the needle to : SCOOP UP THE CAP
- When the cap covers the needle completely, use the other hand to secure the cap on the needle hub. Be careful to handle the cap at the bottom only (near the hub).
Which company manages occupational blood exposures?
CDC IS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
WHAT does the CDC MONITORS?
The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) monitors and studies the types of infections occurring in the nation, complies with statistical data, and publishes reports regarding the data.
How should we manage the OCCUPATIONAL BLOOD EXPOSURES?
Provide immediate care to the exposed site.
Wash wounds and skin with soap and water.
Flush mucous membranes with water.
Seek help at employee health service.
What are RED BIOHAZARD BAGS AND HOW DOES IT HELP SPILLS?
Kit includes supplies for quick and cost-effective clean-up of a bio-hazardous spill or situation.
Absorbent Powder Pack
Scoop & Scraper
Disinfectant Surface Wipe
Red Biohazard Waste Bag
Pair of Latex Free Exam Gloves
Antimicrobial Hand Wipes
Exposure Incident Form.
SYMBOLS
-COVER YOUR COUGH
-CONTACT PRECAUTIONS WASH HAND WEAR GOWN WEAR GLOVES
-BIOHAZARD
Needles and syringes must be disposed of:
UNCAPPED
Nosocomial infections are acquired:
In the health care setting
If you suspect an object is contaminated, assume:
That it is contaminated
An iR IS USED FOR MULTIPLE PATIENTS, WITHOUT BEING CLEANED, ONE OF THE PATIENT DEVELOPED A SKIN INFECTION, WHAT TERM MAY BE APPLIED TO THE IR?
A FOMITE ( OBJECTS THAT HAS BEEN IN CONTACT WITH PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS)
Streptococci and bacilli are classified as what type of microorganisms?
a. Viruses
b. Bacteria
c. Fungi
d. Molds
BACTERIA
IS ALCOHOL A DISINFECTANT?
NO IT IS NOT
PATHOGENS REVISION
Microorganisms capable of producing disease
FOMITE-CASSETTE, OBJECT OR MATERIAL
VECTOR-VERMIN-INSECT
HAI- HOSPITAL AQUIRED INFECTION
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION- HOSPITAL ACQUIRED
-UTI MOST COMMON NOSOCOMIAL
IATROGENIC- RESULT FROM PHYSICIAN
REVISION
AIRBORNE =DROPLET=EYE PROTECTION
TB- N95 MASK
Reverse or protective isolation
Neutropenic = Reverse or protective isolation.
Protecting the patient from You!
REVISION
Medical Asepsis
* Reducing probability of transmission
Surgical Asepsis * Complete removal of organisms and SPORES
Sterile Technique - gloving, masking, assisting with sterile trays, preparing
syringes etc.
Equipment disinfectant
* Chemical Asepsis
* Bleach = 1:10 ratio with wat|
Equipment sterilization
* Heat, gas or chemical aseps
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