O2 Therapy Flashcards
How important is O2 to life?
Oxygen is Essential to life
How long can a person last without O2 before irreversible brain damage occurs?
4-6 mins before Irreversible brain damage
Without O2, what happens to celluar metabolism?
Cellular metabolism will cease and death will eventually occur
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
It is the exchange of O2 and Co2 between the external environment and the circulatory system.
What are the major features of the lung?
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveolis
What are the Alevioles?
They are tiny microscopic vessel-lined sacs in which O2 and CO2 gas are exchanged
What is the pleural cavity composed of?
It comprises layers of membrane lining in the lung and chest cavity.
Roles of Radiographers, how do we ensure the tube does not become a source of Infections?
- We ensure the tube does not become a source of infections by letting only a single patient use it and be discarded after use.
What must we be ready to respond to?
The Radiographer (we) must be ready to respond to potentially dangerous changes in the patient
Whats the Radiographers responsibility with reposition the O2 equipment? Ie. Tubes
So that they do not cause artifacts in films or become superimposed over anatomy for radiographic procedures. TUBES NOT KINKED OR DISCONNECTED
UNER NO CIRCUMSTANCE
should the O2 equipment be completely removed to obtain a radiograph.
What is the Pulmonary Function?
It is the lung’s ability to exchange O2 and Co2 efficiently.
What blood transports oxygen to the body tissue?
The Arterial Blood
What is ABG’s abbreviated?
Arterial Blood Gases
What is Arterial Blood gases?
It is a lab value that measures the arterial blood concentration of O2, CO2 and PH (ACIDITY) and other gases
pH of Normal Arterial blood
7.35-7.45
What condition develops when the ABGS becomes inadequate to meet patient needs?
Hypoxemia ( Not enough 02 in blood)
When a person has HYPOXEMIA, this means?
It is a condition of insufficiency of oxygenation in the blood ( Not enough O2 in blood)
When a person is HYPOXIC, this means?
This is a deficiency in the amount of O2 reaching the tissues
WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF HYPOXIA?
Rapid heart rate, Cyanosis, Dyspnea, Rapid and shallow breaths.
What 4 tissues are most sensitive to Hypoxia?
Lung, Liver, Heart, Brain
What are the average Rate of Respiration for ADULTS?
12-20 breaths per min
What are the average Rate of Respiration for a child ?
20-30 breaths per min
What are the average Rate of Respiration for babies/infant?
30-60 breaths per minute
What respiratory rate is considered to be decreased/low?
Less than 10 breaths per minute
What are the 5 things that may cause a decreased rate of breath?
Cyanosis, Confusion, Apprehension, Restlessness, Loss of Consciousness
What is the Goal of 02 Therapy?
It maintains adequate tissue oxygenation while minimizing cardiopulmonary work
What are 4 good indications for O2 therapy?
- Corrects Hypoxemia or suspected hypoxia
- Reduces Respiratory distress
- Prevents/minimize cardiopulmonary workload ( increased heart rate, BP, Respiratory rate)
- Compensate for Hypoxia, the metabolic rate of body becomes comprised and the Heart Rate, Bp and Respiations will INCREASE
In hospitals o2 may be delivered through?
O2 tanks (portable o2 tank), wall delivery systems (wall O2 outlets)
What is the only way you can temporary remove the oxygen?
By the consent and Supervision of a MD or attending nurse
Is oxygen a medication?
Yes, it must be prescribed by a doctor
How is Oxygen prescribed?
It is prescribed as a Percentage (26%) or Fraction (0.26)
What happens when oxygen is given at 100%?
It will cause damage to the lungs
What is Fractional Concentration described as?
FIO2
What is Saturation of Oxygen hemoglobin?
SAO2
What is the Flow rate of Oxygen measured in?
Measured in LPM ( Liters per minute)
What is Oxygen Flow rate usually ?
3-5 LMP
When oxygen flow rates are high, what happens?
The O2 is humidified to prevent excessive drying of the mucous membranes.
O2 Care 1
Care must be taken not to reduce flow while positioning (ie. Bending or pinching of tubes)
O2 Care 2
Oxygen is not flammable, but combustion is possible
2 Following should not be done around O2 therapy
- No smoking is allowed around 02 therapy
- RT’s must be careful not to produce sparks with x-ray equipment
O2 IS A DRUG and must be ordered?
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O2 ESSENTIAL TO LIFE PROCESSES? TRUE OR FALSE
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DESCRIPTION OF OXYGEN
Its colorless, tasteless and odorless gas
What is the Critical role of O2?
It plays a role in Efficient cellular metabolism
How much % of atmospheric gas does Oxygen makes up?
It makes up of 21% of atmospheric gas
Is O2 Flammable?
No
Does O2 supports combustion?
Yes
Primary indications for O2 indications
To correct Hypoxemia and possible tissue Hypoxia
What are the 2 regulator valves the Portable O2 tanks contain?
- Valve that Indicates how much O2 is in the tank
- Valve that displays the rate of flow
3 ways Physicians will order O2
- Specified LMP, 2. Concentration % of O2 3. Method of Delivery (ie. Facemask)
What is a pulse Oximeter?
A non-invasive photoelectric device which may be attached to fingers or earlobe. That measures the oxygen saturation (SAO2) or O2 SAT) of the hemoglobin in Aterial Blood
What are normal values of oxygen saturation (Sao2) in the blood?
Between 95%-100%
What SAo2 value is life threatening?
Levels less than 70%
What does Oxygen easily binds to and is transported in throughout the body?
Hemoglobin of the blood,O2 is also transported throughout body by hemoglobin
What can a Pulse oximeter detect before symptoms such as cyanosis develop?
It can detect hypoxia before signs and symptoms such as cyanosis develop
Which blood cell is hemoglobin a main component of?
Red Blood Cell
How is oxygen delivered to patients?
Method used depends on patients needs
What are the 2 types of o2 devices?
- Low flow device 2. High flow device
What are high flow devices also called?
Fixed performance device
What are low-flow devices also called?
Variable Performance Device
What do high flow devices provide to the patient?
Provides patient with their entire inspiratory volume
What does Low flow o2 provides to the patients ?
Provides only part of of the inspiratory concentration and delivered 02 is in part diluted with room air
What type of O2 device can be used when a patient has Chronic COPD?
LOW FLOW O2 DEVICE
What type of O2 device is the Nasal Cannula?
IT IS A LOW FLOW DEVICE
What is O2 Nasal Cannula
It is a simple comfortable device for the delivery of O2 to the patient, two cannula tips are inserted in nostrils (nares)
How long can O2 cannulas be used? And an advantage of it?
They can be used short term or long term also allows patients to talk, eat and drink without removing device
What is the usual flow rate of Nasal cannula?
1 to 4 LPM at approx. 24-36%
Why are flow rates higher than 6 LPM not used with nasal cannulas?
It will cause severe drying of nasal mucosa and sinus pain
What are the 5 other types of Oxygen mask
- SIMPLE OXYGEN MASK
- PARTIAL REBREATHER MASK
- NON- REBREATHER MASK
- AEROSOL MASK
- AIR ENTRAINMENT MASK
What are Simple oxygen mask?
A mask that is shaped to fit snugly over the patients mouth and nose and is secured by a strap, they can be used for short periods of time but become uncomfortable because they are hot, also hard for patient to eat drink and talk
How long should simple oxygen mask be used?
NOT USED FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME
What are the standard flow rates?
Greater than 5 LPM and delivers at 35-60% oxygen
What are non-breather masks?
It is a mask that has a reservoir bag attached to a one way valve that Prevents exhaled air to from being rebreathed
Which mask provides the highest concentration of O2 and the most precise means of O2 administration?
NON-REBREATHER MASK
What is the Partial- rebreather mask?
Is Similar to the non-breather and contains a reservoir bag but DOES NOT contain a ONE-WAY VALVE
What is an Aerosol mask?
Are used when high concentrations of O2 and humidity are needed.
How does the aerosol mask work?
The mask is attached to a bottle of distilled water to both high concentrations of humidity.
What is the standard flow rates for aerosol mask?
Requires flow rates greater than 6LPM and 02 concentrations between 21% and 100%
What are Air entrainment masks?
This mask provides an accurate source of maintaining O2 consumption, O2 values may be set to 24%, 28% 35% 40%, or 50%
What is an Oxygen tent?
Is used when a need for humidity and a higher concentration of O2 than room air
Who uses Oxygen tents?
Used for Pediatric patients and it covers their beds
Who are Oxygen hoods used on only? how much % of 02 concentration?
They are used on infants only and covers the infants head, O2 concentration 21% and 100%
What is a Ventilator- A type of Artificial Airway and it is Mechanical device
It is an artificial airway that is inserted into the trachea and connected to a mechanical device (Ventilator) that delivers a preset volume of Oxygen therapy at a constant rate.
VENTILATOR TERMS
Mechanical device/ Mechanical ventilators/ Artificial airway- respirators
Another name/termed for Mechanical Ventilators is?
Respirators
What 2 things Mechanical Ventilators control?
- Repiratory Rate and 2. VOLUME
What should radiographers never reset or adjust? Even if the alarm goes off during a radiographic procedure????
Alarms and Settings
DO DELIVERY DEVICES HAMPER THE TECHNOLIGIST ABILITY TO PERFORM RAD PRCREDURES?
NO THEY DO NOT
DOES REPOSITIONING OF THE DEVICES AVOID ARTIFACTS ON IMAGES?
YES
INTUBATED CHEST TUBES (INTUBUATION)
A TUBE PLACED IN THE TRACHEA OF THE PATIENT TO MAINTAIN THE AIRWAY
ET TUBE (ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE)
This is used or inserted into the nose or the mouth into the trachea to maintain the open airway.
terminated 1-2 inches superior t =o bifurcation of trachea
also seen with a chest x ray
Tracheostomy
A small incision of the trachea made right below the larynx. The tube is extended down in trachea for long store support
THORACOSTOMY also known as intra pleural or chest tubes
Chest tube drains fluid from pleural space
Thorascostomy
Chest tubes are inserted into the pleural space to reduce negative pressure and collect fluid or blood.
If pressure falls too low
The lungs will collapse
Chest tubes made up of
- Rubberized tube, 2. sutured in place, a drainage system
Used to drain
Intra pleural space or mediastinum
if fluid such as blood or air gets into the pleural space
THE LUNG WILL COLLAPSE
CHEST TUBES ARE USED TO TREAT
PNEUMOTHORAX, HEMOTHORAX, PLEURAL EFFUSION, EMPYEMA
Pneumothorax
A collection of air in the pleural space
Hemothorax
A collection of blood in the pleural space
Pleural effusion
Fluid found in chest, pleural fluid found in chest, This is an abnormal collection of fluid
SOME PROBLEMS OF PLEURAL SPACE
AIR- AIR-PNEUMOTHORAX, BLOOD-HEMOTHROAX, FLUID PLEUAL EFFUSIAN, ABCESS OR PUS EMPYSEMA
EMPYEMA
LUNG ABCESS OR PUS IN PLEURAL SPACE
Thoracentisis
Its a surgical puncture of the chest for the removal of air or fluids
Parentral
Introducing/ medication put into the body by a route othr than the digestive system- maybe injection
ATELECTASIS
COLLAPSED LUNG, INCOMPLETE EXPANSION OF THE LUNG OR PART OF LUNG
