FINALS Flashcards
What are the types of immobilization devices?
-Routine
-Non Routine/ Special
-Complex
What are the Routine Applications/simple?
- Positioning sponges- simple
-Velcro Straps -simple
-Sandbags -simple
-Head clamps- simple
-Stability bars
-Compression bands-waist immobilizer
-Straps- simple
-Head holder-simple
What are the Non/routine/ special?
-Trauma Applications
+ Spinal
+Head
+Extremity
-Pedriatric applications
+ Sheet retraints
+Commerical Restraints
+Non-commercial
What are the Complex immobilization technique?
-Sheets, backboards, pig o stat, pedia poser
- Mummy Wrap Technique- sheet
- Securing a Patient to a backboard
- Commercial Restraints- pig o stat and pedia poser
What is the most commonly used immobilization device?
sponge (they are used in MRI)
What can you use positioning sponges for?
- Oblique lumber spine
- Hand in fan lateral/oblique
-4th finger in lateral
-HEAD HOLDER SPONGE-AP SKULL CT AND X RAYS
Are sponges Radiolucent?
Yes they are
STABILITY BARS
USED FOR LATERAL CHEST XRAYS
What immobilization device can be used to immobilize a Axial calcaneus/foot/plantar surface of foot?
velcro Straps
What immobilization device can be used for an UPRIGHT LATERAL CHEST?
Velcro straps
- CT aND MRIS
-USED FOR LEGS CHEST ABDOMEN
(never leave pt unattended)
Are sandbags Radipaque?
Yes sandbags are radiolucent
What simple immobilization device can be used for an Erect LATERAL C-spine/cervical spine?
Sandbags
(used to immobilize for c spines or AC joints)
-Also elbows in Ap position
- hand in oblique-put across forearm
What spine trauma immobilization device can be used for a supine LATERAL C-spine/cervical spine/ a Cross-table Lateral view of the Cervical Spine ?
Cervical collar and Trauma spine board
What immobilization device can be used for an AP Skull?
Head clamps (or various skull projections)
What immobilization device can be used for securing a patient on a table semi-erect position?
Compress band
(over pts. Chest, hips, knees)
What immobilization devices are used in trauma?
SPINE
- Cervical Collar
- Backboards/ spine boards
(are also traction devices)
HEAD
- Cervical spine
EXTREMITY
- Traction devices
- Traction splint
-air splint
- Anti-shock garments/trousers-radiolucent
Which of the following is an example of a spinal trauma immobilization device?
Select one:
a. air splint
b. traction splint
c. antishock garment
d. backboard
d. backboard
When is removing a cervical collar permissible?
Select one:
a. after a paramedic reads the radiograph and approves removal
b. before the initial radiographic examination
c. after the radiographer makes the exposure
d. after the physician has reviewed the images and determined it is safe
d. after the physician has reviewed the images and determined it is safe
What trauma immobilization device can be used on a patient for a Recubent C-spine/cervical spine?
Cervical collar
What spinal trauma immobilization device can be used for all Ap projections from head to toe/entire body?
Backboard/ spine board
What spinal trauma immobilization device can be used for Ap lumber spine?
Backboard/ spine board
What head trauma immobilization device can be used for Ap skull?
Cervical collar
What immobilization device can be used for lower extremity trauma?
-Inflation/Air splints traction device
What immobilization device can be used for injury to the abdomen/pelvis or hemorrhage?
radiograph the patient through the antishock garment the patient is wearing.
The technique of wrapping a patient in a sheet: (sheet restraint)
a. is known as mummification.
b. is appropriate for young adults and teenagers.
c. is appropriate for a child who can cooperate and understand your instructions.
d. should be used only with parental approval.
a. is known as mummification.
What are 2 most common commercial restraints for pedriatric patients?
- Upright restraint
-Restraint boards (Restraint Boards (Circumcision Board, Brat Board, Octastop Board)
What are the two common upright straint devices for pedriatric patients?
- Pigo o stat
-Pedia poser Chair
The Pigg-O-Stat is an immobilization device used for which pediatric examination?
Select one:
a. pelvis
b. skull
c. Upright chest, abdomen
d. upper extremity
c. Upright Pa chest, abdomen x rays
(CXR/ ABX UPRIGHT)
The Pedia poser is an immobilization device used for which pediatric examination?
Select one:
a. pelvis
b. skull
c.chest x rays
d. upper extremity
c. chest x rays
The Octostop immobilization device is used:
a. on adults.
b. in conjunction with infant mummification.
c. on infants and children younger than 1 year.
d. for upright imaging studies only.
c. on infants and children younger than 1 year.
What are Octostops used for?
-Chest and abdomen x rays
Allows for rotation of the child in the recumbent position.
Radiographs may be obtained in a variety of recumbent positions such as AP, Oblique and Laterals.
What are plexiglass paddles used to immobilize for pedraitric patients?
-hands, fingers, feet, toes
What are tapes used for in pediatric patients?
Ap skull- tape forehead
(use gauze on skin ) Never use the sticky side of the adhesive tape directly on skin.
Tape (used as a reminder not an immobilizer)
What are stockinette used for in pediatric patients?
A cotton fabric-like sleeves
-upper limb’
-pulled over fractures
Geriatric Applications
A sponge placed beneath the knees reduces back strain.
What is medical emergency?
It is a sudden change in the condition or status of a person and requires immediate medical attention
What would be Radiographers in medical emergencies?
Respond to medical emergency right away
How should we respond to emergency?
Call for assistance right away
What is the first priority of a radiographer in a emergency?
- Ensure there is an open airway first
What is the next stop after opening airway?
- Control bleeding
‘-Prevent shock/or treat it
-Attend to wounds or fracture
-Provide emotional support - Reevaluate and follow up
What must the Radiographer know about Emergency carts, AKA CRASH CARTS?
So its a wheeled container of equipment with equipment an drugs to handle LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCIES
SO WE MUST KNOW THE LOCATION
What items or contents can be found in the CRASH CART?
-EQUIPMENTS- ambu bags, Et tubes (endotracheal tubes), Trach tubes, tourniquets, stethoscope, gloves, alcohol pads, needles, syriges
-DRUGS:
Bendryl pill and Epinephrine injection (EPI PEN)- ALLERGIC REACTIONS,
LEVOPHED- TREAT LOW BP
DILANTIN- PREVENT SEIZURES
DECADRON, LASIX, LEVOPHED,
HEPARIN- ANTICOAGULANTS
-SOLUTIONS- ALCOHOL, SALINE
DRUGS
Anticonvulsant – drugs used to prevent or control seizures.
i.e. Dilantin
Anticoagulants – drugs that inhibit blood clotting
i.e. Heparin and Lovenox
Antihistamines – drugs used to treat allergic reactions.
i.e. Benadryl (Diphenhydramine)
DECADRON-ALLERGIC REACTION
LASIX- EDEMA, CATHARICS- LAXATIVES
LEVOPED- SHOCK
What should radiographers understand basic assessment about Head injuries?
We should be able to respond to changes in patients condition during a rad exam
What are the levels of consciousness?
- Alert and conscious- LEAST SEVERE (can respond fully to questions)
- Drowsy-unconscious but reacts to loud voices or touching
-Unconscious but respond to stimuli- dont respond to voice but to pinch and pricks
-Comatose- no response to stimuli at all( MOST SEVERE)
What is GLASGOW COMA SCALE?
It is a scale used to assess the severity of a head/ brain injury
What value does the Glasgow coma scale consist?
3-15
How are Glasgow values obtain?
Scale consists of values from3-15 so you add a rating next to the three variables of how patients respond to stimuli (OPENING EYES, VERBAL RESPONSE, MOTOR RESPONSE)
Minimum/Maximum score of Glasgow
3-min 15-max
What are the 3 stimuli of Glasgow?
- OPENING EYES,
- GIVE VERBAL RESPONSE,
- MOTOR RESPONSE - REFLEX AFTER PHYSICAL STMULUS- PINPRICK
THE 3 GLASGOW COMA SCALE SCORES ARE?
SEVERE-3-8- POOR CHANCE TO RECOVERY -LOW SCORE
MODERATE- 9-12- MEDIAN
MILD- 13-15- GOOD CHANCE TO FULL RECOVERY
What are the SIGNS OF DETERIORATING HEAD INJURY ?
Lethargy- unconscious
-Slow pulse rate,
slow heart rate, i
irritability,
CHANGE IN LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS
How would radiographers respond to Deteriorating Head Injuries?
MAINTAIN- OPEN AIRWAY-move patient as little as possible
STOP- STOP PROCEDURE and get medical assistance
MONITOR-CHECK VITAL SIGNS
What is a shock and whats ar failure?
A shock is a FAILURE, –OF. the circulatory system to support vital body functions
What are the 3 stages of shock?
Compensatory-stage 1
Progressive stage 2
Irreversible- stage 3
What are some SIGNS OF Compensatory stage ?
Cold clammy skin
decrease urine output
Increased respiration
Normal Bp
Increased anxiety
hypoactive bowel sounds
Some Progressive signs are
- Bp Fall
- Respirations rapid and shallow
-Severe pulmonary edema -fluid build up in lungs
-Chest pains
- Confused mental state
-Problems with kidneys,liver bowel and spleen
What are some SIGNS OF the IRREVERSIBLE stage ?
BP LOW
- Renal and liver failure
-release of necrotic tissue toxins
-Overwelming lactic acidosis
What are the 6 types of shock?
-Hypovolemic shock
-Septic shock
-Cardio genic shock
- Neurogenic Shock
-Vasogenic shock
- Anaphylactic shock
- Insulin shock?
Hypovolemic shock is the abnormal low volume of blood circulating throughout the body due to?
-Loss of blood or tissue Fluid
-internal bleeding from the GI tract
- External bleeding from cuts/injury
Immediate response – stop bleeding if possible.
Cardiogenic shock is the heart’s failure to pump adequate amount of blood to vital organs, what could cause this?
Caused by cardiac disorders such as myocardial infarction
- Cardiac shock is a disease state where the heart is damaged enough and is unable to supply blood to the body
Vasgenic shock is the adequate tissue perfusion by oxygen-carrying blood. This failure results from and what could cause it?
- Results from vasodilation or Vasoplegia
- 3 causes are SEPTIC, DEEP ANESTHESIA, OR ANAPHYLAXIS
Septic shock is a serious abnormal condition that occurs when overwhelming infections lead to low blood pressure and low blood flow, What caused this?
It is a severe systemic infection caused by poor practice of medicall and surgical Asepsis
Vital organs such as brain, heart, kidneys and liver may not function properly or may fail
Neurogenic shock is a shock that results from damage nerve tissue, what causes this?
-Caused by
-Spinal anesthesia
-Upper spinal cord injury
- Severe pain
- Neurological damage
- extreme psychological stress
What is Anaphylactic shock? (Allergic reaction shock/ reactions )
- it is Vasogenic shock
- When patients have severe allergic reactions to iodinated contrast media in radiology department
- Can be mild or severe
What are the mild reactions treated with?
Mild reactions are treated with an antihistamine (ALLERGY DRUG MEDICATION)
What type of body temperature do anaphylactic people have?
STable body temperature
What severe Reaction can happen after Anaphlactic shock that will REQUIRE CPR?
Severe reactions such as Cardia arrest
A symptom of ANAPHYLAXIS (ALLERGIC REACTION)
IS URTICARIA- WHICH ARE HIVES
What are the two types oxygen devices?
Low flow and high flow device
What is the other name for low flow and high flow?
The low is called a “ Variable performance device and the high is called a fixed performance device.
What do the high flow provide to the patient?
The high flow provide the patient with the ENTIRE INSPIRATORY VOLUME
Low flow provides only?
only part of the inspiratory volume a
And delivered oxygen is in the part diluted room air
When are LOW FLOW DEVICE USED?
- ## for patient with chronic COPD
What type of O2 device is the nasal cannula?
It is a low rate device
How can oxygen be supplied to a patient?
By oxygen tanks green cap- and by wall systems
What are the standard oxygen flow rate flow rates?
3-5LMP
What happens with o2 when the rate is too high?
They will be humidified to prevent excess drying up of the mucosa
What is the O2 nsasal cannula?
it is a simple device that delivers oxygen to the patient, two cannula strips are inserted into the nares
How long can O2 cannulas be used? And an advantage of it?
They can be used for both short-term and long-term and the patient can eat and drink with them and without having to remove them
The nasal cannula flow rate is?
1-4 Lmp
Why are flow rates of 6LMP NOT USED WITH A NASAL CANULA?
It will cause severe drying up and may lead to mucosa dry and sinus pain
What are the 5 other types of Oxygen mask
- simple oxygen mask
-Partial rebreather mask
-Non-rebrether - Aerosol
- Air entertainment mask
What are the simple oxygen masks?
These are made to fit snuggly over the patient mouth and nose and are secured with a strap,
BAD- HARD TO TALK AND EAT WITH
BAD- CAN NOT BE USED FOR SHORT PERIOD OF TIME
- THEY ARE UNCOMFORTABLE- THEY GET HOT
What is the standard flow rate for the simple?
It is greater than 5 LMP
35-60% O2
What are non breather mask?
This mask has a reservoir bag that is attached with a ONE WAY VALVE- iT PREVENTS exhaled air to be rebreathed
Which mask provides the highest concentration of O2 and the most precise means of O2 administration?
NON-REBREATHER
What is the PARTIAL REBREATHER MASK?
It is similar to non breather -has a RESERVOIR BAG BUT NOT A ONE-WAY VAVE
WhAT IS aersol mask?
Are used when high concentrations of O2 and humidity are needed.
How does the aerosol mask work?
The mask is attached to a bottle of distilled water to both high concentrations of humidity.
What is the standard flow rates for aerosol mask?
Requires flow rates greater than 6LPM and 02 concentrations between 21% and 100%
What are Air entrainment masks?
This mask provides an accurate source of maintaining O2 consumption,
O2 values may be set to 24%, 28% 35% 40%, or 50%
What is an oxygen tent?
This tent is used when there is a need for more humidity and higher concentrations O2 than the room air
-USED BY PEDIATRIC PATIENT-COVETRS THERE BED
What is an oxygen hood?
Used by infants
O2 concentration between 21-100%
Mechanical Ventilators are called?
respirators
What should we do if the ventilators go off alarm?
SHOULD NEVER BE REST OR TURNED OFF BT RADIOGRAPHER
