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XUAN MSRA > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What electrolyte abnormalities precipitate digoxin toxicity?

A

MOST COMMONLY: hypokalaemia

Others:
Hypomagnesaemia
Hypercalcaemia
Hypernatraemia

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2
Q

How does MI management differ in those who have cocaine-induced MI?

A

Benzodiazepines (for coronary artery vasospasm)

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3
Q

What are the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning?

A

(mnemonic = SLUD)
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation/diarrhoea
cardiovascular: hypotension, bradycardia
also: small pupils, muscle fasciculation

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4
Q

What is the management of organophosphate poisoning?

A

Atropine

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5
Q

What are the features of carbon monoxide toxicity?

A

headache: 90% of cases
nausea and vomiting: 50%
vertigo: 50%
confusion: 30%
subjective weakness: 20%
severe toxicity: ‘pink’ skin and mucosae, hyperpyrexia, arrhythmias, extrapyramidal features, coma, death

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6
Q

What antibiotic may lower seizure threshold?

A

Quinolones e.g. Ciprofloxacin

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7
Q

When to avoid taking macrolides and why?

A

When on statins
Taking macrolides concurrently with statins significantly increases the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis.

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8
Q

What are main side effects of amlodipine?

A

Headache, flushing and ankle oedema

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9
Q

What is the consequences of allopurinol and azathioprine use?

A

excessive myelosuppression and therefore increase the risk of neutropenic sepsis.

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10
Q

What is the consequences of allopurinol and cyclophosphamide use?

A

allopurinol reduces renal clearance, therefore may cause marrow toxicity

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11
Q

What is the consequences of allopurinol and Theophylline use?

A

allopurinol causes an increase in plasma concentration of theophylline by inhibiting its breakdown

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12
Q

What are the causes of drug-induced urinary retention?

A

1) tricyclic antidepressants e.g. amitriptyline
2) anticholinergics e.g. antipsychotics, antihistamines
3) opioids
4) NSAIDs
5) disopyramide

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13
Q

What is the use of sidenafil in neonates?

A

To treat pulmonary hypertension

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

A

Aspirin is a non reversible COX 1 and 2 inhibitor

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of finasteride?

A

5 alpha reductase inhibitor which converts testosterone into DHT

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16
Q

What is the most important factor for considering liver transplant after paracetamol OD?

A

arterial pH is the single most important factor according to the King’s College Hospital criteria for liver transplantation.

17
Q

What to do if GI side effects of metformin?

A

Switch to MR metformin before trying second-line drug

18
Q

What is the management of salicylate OD?

A

1) Charcoal (if within 1 hr)
2) urinary alkalinization with intravenous sodium bicarbonate
3) haemodialysis

19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity?

A

Diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, coarse tremor, weakness, seizures, muscle twitches and blurred vision

20
Q

What medications are contraindications to prescribing sildenafil?

A

nitrates and nicorandil

21
Q

What is the characteristic feature of ecstasy(MDMA) use?

A

hyperthermia, with body temperatures often exceeding 39ºC

22
Q

What are important adverse effects of aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin)?

A

ototoxicity
nephrotoxicity

23
Q

What medication can cause a blue tinge to vision?

A

blue vision: Viagra/sildenafil (‘the blue pill’)

24
Q

What medication can cause a yellow-green tinge to vision?

A

Digoxin

25
Q

What are the adverse effects of St John’s Wort?

A

1) profile in trials similar to placebo
2) can cause serotonin syndrome
3) inducer of P450 system, therefore decreased levels of drugs such as warfarin, ciclosporin. The effectiveness of the combined oral contraceptive pill may also be reduced

26
Q

What antibiotics can cause prolonged QT interval?

A

Macrolides (e.g. azithromycin, erythromycin)

27
Q

When is diclofenac contraindicated?

A

Diclofenac is now contraindicated with any form of cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease

28
Q

What is a common side effect of tamoxifen?

A

Hot flushes

29
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd line management of beta blocker overdose?

A

1st: atropine
2nd: glucagon

30
Q

What medication can be prescribed alongside TB treatment to decrease the risk of peripheral neuropathy?

A

Pyridoxine- a form of vitamin B6

XUAN MSRA (20 decks)

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