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VTNE TEST PREP > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

any chemical compound used on or administered to humans or animals as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease or other abnormal condition, for the relief of pain and suffering, or to control or improve any physiologic or pathologic condition

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2
Q

Poison

A

a substance that, on ingestion, inhalation, absorption, application, injection, or development within the body, in relatively small amounts, may cause structural or functional disturbance

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3
Q

Generic name vs Trade name

A

generic name is usually derived from the chemical structure of the drug (drug only has ONE generic name while they can have many trade names)

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4
Q

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994

A

provides legal guidelines to vets for extra-label drug use

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5
Q

Controlled Drugs

A

Drugs that have potential to be abused
regulated by both FDA and DEA

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6
Q

Drug withdrawal times

A

Important in food animals due to drug residue potentially being ingested by humans

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7
Q

Important information found in drug package insert

A

Indications: approved uses of drug
Warnings and precautions: mild side effects or adverse effects
Contraindications: situations in which the drug should NOT be used
Overdose: toxic effects that can occur with too much drug given
Dosage and Administration: recommended amount and route

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8
Q

Compounded drugs

A

manipulation of a drug that is not provided for in an FDA-approved drug label

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9
Q

Reasons for compounding drugs

A
  1. provide more appropriate dose
  2. to add flavoring
  3. alternate routes of administration (oral, transdermal, or topical)
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10
Q

Parenteral Routes

A

subcutaneously (SQ or SC)
intramuscularly (IM)
intravenously (IV)

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11
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

refers to what the body does to the drug or how the drug moves within the body
Involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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12
Q

Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

the relationship between a drug’s ability to achieve the desired effect compared with its tendency to produce toxic effects
Ratio between the LD50 (dose of a drug that is lethal in 50% of the animals in a trial) and the ED50 (dose of a drug that is effective in 50% of the animals)
TI = LD50/ED50

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13
Q

Bioavailability

A

the percentage of drug that is administered and actually reaches systemic circulation

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14
Q

Factors that can affect absorption and distribution of drugs

A
  1. pKa of the drug
  2. pH of the tissues
  3. solubility of the drug
  4. perfusion of tissues
  5. volume of distribution (Vd)
  6. other factors, such as blood-brain barrier
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15
Q

First-pass Effect

A

When orally administered drugs travel to the liver before reaching the systemic circulation and may be removed before they are able to affect the rest of the body

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16
Q

Drug Elimination Process

A

Usually requires biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion
liver changes the chemical structure of the drug
Circulating metabolites usually filtered into urine through the kidneys but can also be excreted in the feces, sweat, or through respiration

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17
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

refers to what the drug does to the body and how it works
Involves the study of the effects of drugs, drug concentration-effect relationships, and mechanism of action

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18
Q

Drug agonist

A

Drug binds to a receptor site and cause the cell to react

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19
Q

Drug antagonist

A

drug binds to the receptor to prevent a reaction

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20
Q

Antimicrobial Drugs

A

drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses

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21
Q

What makes an antimicrobial effective?

A
  1. Organism must be susceptible
  2. Drug must be able to penetrate the site of infection at an effective concentration for an appropriate length of time to kill or inhibit the organism
  3. Patient must be able to tolerate the treatment
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22
Q

How is bacterial resistance created?

A

insufficient treatment due to infrequent dosage, not finishing treatment, or treating for extended periods of time

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23
Q

Five mechanisms of how antimicrobials work

A
  1. Disruption of development of microbial cell wall
  2. Damaging the cell membrane
  3. Protein synthesis inhibition
  4. Inhibition of nucleic acid production
  5. Disruption of microbial metabolic activity
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24
Q

List 4 main categories of analgesic drugs

A

Opioids
NSAIDs
Local anesthetics
Alpha2 Agonists

25
Q

Opioids

A

Block transduction of the pain impulse in peripheral tissues and dampen modulation and perception of pain that occurs in the spinal cord

26
Q

List 3 types of opioid receptors

A

mu, kappa, and delta

27
Q

Pure agonist opioids

A

stimulate all receptors (predominantly mu receptors)
Ex. morphine, meperidine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil

28
Q

Partial agonist opioids

A

bind to an opioid receptor but are less efficacious that the pure agonist opioids
Ex. buprenorphine

29
Q

Agonist and antagonist opioids

A

block one type of receptor while stimulating another
Ex. butorphanol and nalbuphine

30
Q

Pure antagonist opioids

A

attach to opioid receptors but do not active them
Used as reversal agents of other opioids
Ex. Naloxone and Nalmefene

31
Q

NSAIDs

A

Produce anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins via COX enzymes
COX-2 selective NSAIDs help keep the protective effects of prostaglandins for GI, Kidney, and Platelet functions

32
Q

List NSAID drugs

A

Carprofen (Rimadyl, Vetprofen)
Deracoxib (Deramaxx)
Meloxicam (Metacam)
Robenacoxib (Onsior)
Aspirin (Bufferin, Ascripten)
Grapiprant (Galliprant)

33
Q

List NSAIDs commonly used in large animals

A

Flunixin
Meglumine
Phenylbutazone

34
Q

NSAID Common Adverse Side Effects

A

GI toxicity (gastritis, vomiting, diarrhea, GI ulceration, and GI perforation)
Most likely occur with inappropriate dosing or when administered with another NSAID or steroid

35
Q

Why use caution when giving NSAIDs to cats?

A

Kidney injury is observed in cats with higher doses or repeated NSAID doses
Cats have slow clearance of NSAIDs due to deficiency of the enzyme Glucuronyl Transferase

36
Q

Local anesthetics

A

Used for neuraxial anesthesia and peripheral nerve blockade
Completely block the transmission of nociceptive stimulation which prevents signals from reaching the CNS
Ex. lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, and ropivacaine

37
Q

Alpha2 Agonists

A

Primarily cause sedation but can provide analgesia through all four steps of the pain pathway

38
Q

List examples of Alpha2 Agonists used in small animals

A

medetomidine and dexmedetomidine

39
Q

List examples of Alpha2 Agonists used in large animals

A

xylazine, detomidine, and romifidine

40
Q

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists

A

block the NMDA receptor activity to reduce hypersensitivity and central sensitization
Ex. ketamine, amantadine, and methadone

41
Q

Tramadol

A

Has weak mu-receptor agonist activity
Also inhibits the reuptake or norepinephrine and serotonin in the CNS
Commonly used in conjunction with NSAIDs, gabapentin, and amantadine

42
Q

Glycosaminoglycans and chondroprotectants

A

adjunct treatment for osteoarthritisAnt

43
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Block the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors
Used to treat sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and sinus arrest
Additional effects: reduces salivation, reduces vagal tone, reduces GI activity, reduces tear secretions, causes mydriasis and bronchial dilation
Ex. Atropine and Glycopyrrolate

44
Q

Adrenergic Agents

A

Mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
Classified by the receptor-type on which they act

45
Q

Sympathomimetic agents

A

Mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

46
Q

Examples of Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, xylazine, and dexmedetomidine

47
Q

Examples of Beta-Adrenergic Agents

A

epinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, terbutaline, and albuterol

48
Q

Sympatholytic Agents

A

block the action of the sympathetic nervous system

49
Q

Examples of alpha-adrenergic antagonists

A

prazosin, acepromazine, yohimbine, and atipamezole

50
Q

Examples of beta-adrenergic antagonists

A

esmolol, propanolol, atenolol, and sotalol

51
Q

Cardiovascular Drugs

A

Affect the heart and blood vessels
Include antiarrhythmics, diuretics, positive inotropes, vasodilators, and angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitors

52
Q

Antiarrhythmics

A

Work to restore normal impulse conduction by blocking sodium, calcium, and potassium while antagonizing beta adrenergic receptors
4 classes of drugs

53
Q

List classes of antiarrhythmic medications
(Remember some Some Block Potassium Channels)

A

Class 1: Sodium (SOME)
Class 2: Beta Blocker (BLOCK)
Class 3: Potassium Channel Blocker (POTASSIUM)
Class 4: Calcium Channel Blocker (CHANNELS)

54
Q

Diuretics

A

Help reduce edema and effusion associated with CHF
Create osmotic force in the renal tubules that draws in water

55
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop diuretic
Most common diuretic used in vet med
Can cause electrolyte imbalance or pre-renal dehydration
Do NOT use with cardiac tamponade

56
Q

Spironolactone

A

Potassium sparing diuretic used in conjunction with loop diuretics
Contraindications: hyperkalemia, Addison’s, Acute or significant kidney disease

57
Q

Positive Inotropes

A

Increase myocardial contractility

58
Q

Digoxin

A

Used to trat congestive heart failure and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

59
Q

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) III Inhibitors

A

VTNE TEST PREP (14 decks)

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