Pain Management and Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

Define anesthesia

A

central nervous system depression resulting in amnesia, unconsciousness, lack of sensation, and immobility in response to painful stimulus

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2
Q

Define analgesia

A

absence of pain in response to painful stimulation

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3
Q

Define sedation

A

state of mental calmness, decreased response to environmental stimuli, and muscle relaxation

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4
Q

Signs of acute pain in cats

A

-Quiet/immobile, decreased social interactions
-Sensitive to touch
-Hiding
-Excessive licking/chewing at site
-Hyperventilation, tachycardia, hypertension
-Hunched posture

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5
Q

Signs of chronic pain in cats

A

-Reduced activity
-Disinterest in the environment
-Anorexia and weight loss
-Poor grooming
-Lameness/gait abnormalities

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6
Q

Signs of acute pain in dogs

A

-Vocalization (whimpering)
-Disinterest/withdrawn
-Aggression
-Comfort seeking
-Reluctant to move
-Rapid shallow breathing (panting)
-Guarding injury/apprehensive
-Restlessness

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7
Q

Signs of chronic pain in dogs

A

-Weight loss
-Depression and lethargy
-Reduced appetite
-Muscle atrophy
-Lameness/gait abnormality

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8
Q

Signs of pain in rabbits

A

-apprehensive, dull, inactive, and “hunched” appearance
-Aggressive behavior and increased excessive scratching and licking
-Exaggerated reactions to handling
-Increased respiratory or change in feeding activity

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9
Q

Signs of pain in rodents

A

-Decreased activity, piloerection un-groomed appearance, or licking and scratching
-Abnormal stance with ataxia and may become aggressive with handling
-Vocalization
-Inappetence or change in feeding and change in normal group behavior

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10
Q

Signs of pain in birds

A

-Escape reactions with vocalization and excessive movement
-Increased heart and respiratory rates
-Inappetence and inactivity with drooping, miserable appearance
-When handled, escape reaction replaced by a state of tonic immobility

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11
Q

Define nociception

A

Processing a noxious stimulus (mechanical, thermal, or chemical) resulting in perception of pain by the brain

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12
Q

Define nociceptors

A

-Receptors in neurons which are activated through various noxious stimuli
-Exist at the free nerve endings of primary afferent neurons
-Encapsulated

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13
Q

Where is the only place in the body that pain receptors are not found?

A

The brain

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14
Q

When does nociceptive pain occur?

A

When peripheral neural receptors are activated by noxious stimuli (surgical incisions, trauma, heat, or cold)

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15
Q

List the steps of nociception

A
  1. Transduction
  2. Transmission
  3. Modulation
  4. Perception
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16
Q

Define Transduction

A

-Conversion of noxious stimulus into electrical energy by a peripheral nociceptor
-Can be inhibited by NSAIDs, opioids, and local anesthetics

17
Q

Define Transmission

A

-Propagation through the peripheral nervous system via first-order neurons
-Transmission to the spinal cord
-Reduced by local anesthetics and alpha2 agonists

18
Q

Define Modulation

A

-When first order neurons synapse with second-order neurons in the dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord
-Influenced by local anesthetics, alpha-2 agonists, opioids, NSAIDs, TCAs, and NMDA receptor antagonists

19
Q

Define Perception

A

-Cerebral cortical response to nociceptive signals projected by third-order neurons to the brain
-Inhibited by general anesthetics, opioids, and alpha-2 agonists