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VTNE TEST PREP > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy definition

A

Science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts

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2
Q

Physiology definition

A

The science of how the body functions

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3
Q

Prokaryote

A

Cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
All bacteria are prokaryotes

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and contains many different membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Separates cell from external environment
Semipermeable
May have cilia, flagellum, or microvilli

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6
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike projections that are used for surface movement

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7
Q

Flagellum

A

Single longer projection that is used for cellular movement

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8
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase surface area (especially for absorptive cells

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Composed of protein and RNA
Site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell
Produces ATP

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11
Q

Rough ER

A

Acts as transportation network for proteins

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12
Q

Smooth ER

A

Not involved in protein synthesis
Important in synthesizing cholesterol, steroid-based hormones, and lipids
Important in detoxification of drugs, breakdown of glycogen, and transportation of fats

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages substances received from ER and exports them from the cell or releases them into the cytoplasm
Produces lysosomes

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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest intracellular bacteria and break down nonfunctional organelles

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15
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Use oxygen to detoxify toxic substances
Convert free radicals into hydrogen peroxide

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides internal framework for cell

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17
Q

Centrioles

A

Important in organizing the mitotic spindle
Form the base of cilia and flagella

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell
Contains DNA

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19
Q

Solute

A

A substance that can be dissolved

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20
Q

Solvent

A

A substance that does the dissolving

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21
Q

Solution

A

When the solute has dissolved and is no longer distinguishable from the Solvent

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22
Q

Intracellular

A

Within the cell

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23
Q

Extracellular

A

Outside of the cell

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24
Q

Intercellular

A

Between cells (interstitial)

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25
Q

Passive processes

A

No energy is expanded by the cell

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26
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

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27
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion with the aid of carrier proteins

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28
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration (high solvent) to a region of high solute concentration (low solvent)

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29
Q

Filtration

A

Substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
Small solutes pass through while larger molecules do not
Important in kidney function

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30
Q

Active processes

A

Energy is expanded by the cell

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31
Q

Endocytosis

A

Materials are taken into the cell

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32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating”
Cell membrane extend around solid particles

33
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cell drinking”
Cell membrane extends around fluid droplets
Important in absorptive cells in small intestine

34
Q

Receptor-mediated

A

Specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering the cell
Enzymes, insulin, hormones, iron, and cholesterol enter the cell by this method

35
Q

Exocytosis

A

Materials are expelled by a cell
Waste products are excreted and useful products are secreted into the extracellular space
Hormones, neurotransmitters, and mucus are released from the cell by this method

36
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration with aid of carrier proteins
Ex. Sodium-potassium pump

37
Q

Hypotonic

A

Extracellular fluid is less concentrated than the intracellular fluid
Ex. RBCs placed in hypotonic soln gain water and burst

38
Q

Hypertonic

A

Extracellular fluid is more concentrated that the intracellular fluid
Ex. RBCs placed in a hypertonic soln lose water and crenate (shrivel)

39
Q

Isotonic

A

Concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal
Ex. RBCs placed in an isotonic soln remain unchanged

40
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of similar cells with related functions

41
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

42
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surface, lines body cavities, and forms active part of glands
Functions: protection, secretion, excretion, filtration, absorption of nutrients, and receipt of sensory information

43
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Flat, think, plate-like cells
Simple squamous is found lining blood vessels, alveoli of lungs, and thoracic and abdominal cavities
Stratified squamous is found lining the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum (nonkeratinized) and epidermis (keratinized)

44
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Cube-shaped cells
Simple cuboidal is important in absorption and secretion and forms the active part of glands and small ducts, ovary surface, and kidney tubules
Stratified cuboidal is rare but lines the ducts of sweat, salivary, and mammary glands

45
Q

Columnar epithelial

A

Tall, rectangular cells
Simple columnar lines the digestive tract for absorption and secretion
Simple columnar with cilia lines the bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
Stratified columnar is found in mammary ducts and portions of the male urethra

46
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial

A

Appears ro be more than one layer but all cells touch the basal membrane
Usually ciliated and often associated with goblet cells
Found in respiratory tract

47
Q

Transitional epithelial

A

May resemble both cuboidal and squamous and found in areas if great distention such as urinary bladder, uretets amd part of the urethra

48
Q

Glandular epithelial

A

Highly specialized epithelial cells with the ability to secrete various products
Endocrine and exocrine

49
Q

Endocrine

A

Ductless and secret hormones directly into bloodstream
Ex. estrogen secreted by ovaries

50
Q

Exocrine

A

Have ducts and secrete onto an epithelial surface
Ex sweat glands

51
Q

Connective tissue

A

Composed of 3 elements: cells, fibers, and matrix (ground substance)
Functions: connects and supports, protects, insulates, transports fluids, and stores energy

52
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A

Loose connective tissue
most widely distributed
supports organs, protects and provides flexibility for all 3 fiber types
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs

53
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Loose, connective tissue
insulates, protects, cushions
Reserve energy composed of fat cells (adipocytes)

54
Q

Reticular tissue

A

loose connective tissue
supportive tissue
found in spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Network of fine reticular fibers, macrophages, and fibroblasts

55
Q

Regular tissue

A

Dense connective tissue
tendons (bone to muscle), ligaments (bone to bone), and aponeuroses (muscle to muscle)
Collagen fibers arranged in a parallel pattern and fibroblasts provide strong attachments

56
Q

Irregular tissue

A

Dense connective tissue
Dermis of the skin, organ capsule, joint capsules
Collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern, elastic fibers, fibroblasts
Provides strength and support to areas experiencing tension from all directions

57
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Dense connective tissue
Ligaments that contain more elastic fibers than collagen nuchal ligament in horse’s neck

58
Q

Hyaline tissue

A

Specialized cartilage tissue
nose, trachea, larynx, embryonic skeleton, costal cartilage, articular cartilage
Collagen fibers and chondrocytes support with some flexibility

59
Q

Elastic tissue (specialized cartilage)

A

pinna, auditory canal, epiglottis, elastic fibers
Provides shape and great flexibility

60
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Specialized cartilage tissue
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, disc in stifle, thick collagen fibers, and chondrocytes
Provides strong support

61
Q

Bone (Osseous) Connective Tissue
Compact (Dense)

A

Bones, collagen fibers, osteocytes, and calcified matrix
Supports, protects, houses blood-producing tissue
Stores calcium and other minerals

62
Q

Blood Connective Tissue
Spongy (cancellous)

A

Lattice-like bone structure
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and plasma

63
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Voluntary control
long, parallel striated fibers with multiple nuclei located at their periphery
Attaches to and moves bones

64
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary control
Spindle-shaped, smooth cells with a centrally located nucleus
Found in walls of hollow organs (ex. digestive tract, blood vessels)
Lacks bony attachments

65
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Specialized for conducting electrical impulses
Major locations are brain, spinal cord, and nerves
2 Major types: neurons which conduct impulses and neuroglial cells which are supporting cells and do not conduct impulses

66
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Involuntary control
Long, striated cells that are joined at points known as intercalated discs; have a single, centrally located nucleus
Found only in the heart (myocardium)

67
Q

Mucous Membranes (mucosae)

A

Line cavities that ultimately connect to the exterior of the body
adapted to absorb and secrete; normally secrete mucus, which lubricates both the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital pathways

68
Q

Serous membranes (serosa)

A

membranes that line body cavities but do not connect to the exterior of the body
Secrete a thin, watery fluid which reduces friction between parietal and visceral surfaces

69
Q

Cutaneous membranes (integument or skin)

A

Exposed to external environments
Provides durability, protection, and waterproofing

70
Q

Osteology

A

study of bones

71
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones found on the midline or attached to it
Ex ribs, skulls, vertebral column, and sternum

72
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

all bones present in the limbs

73
Q

Function of bones

A

Support soft tissues of the body
Protect vital organs
Act as levers for muscle attachment
Store minerals
Produce blood cells

74
Q

Compact (dense) bone

A

has very few spaces, appears solid, and provides strength and support
Made of Haversian systems (osteons)

75
Q

Components of Haversian System

A

Central haversian canal: houses blood vessels and nerves
Canaliculi: very small canals that radiate out, connecting all lacunae to each other and to the central haversian canal
Lamellae: concentric rings of bone
Lacunae: small spaces that house osteocytes (mature bone cells)

76
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

no haversian systems
has large spaces between lattice-like pieces of bone known as trabeculae
Spaces are filled with marrow

77
Q

Osteoblast

A

immature bone cell that produces bone matrix known as osteoid

78
Q

Osteoclasts

A

very large multinucleated cells capable of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals which is a process known as osteolysis (resorption)

79
Q
A

VTNE TEST PREP (14 decks)

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