Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy definition
Science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts
Physiology definition
The science of how the body functions
Prokaryote
Cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
All bacteria are prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and contains many different membrane-bound organelles
Cell Membrane
Separates cell from external environment
Semipermeable
May have cilia, flagellum, or microvilli
Cilia
Hairlike projections that are used for surface movement
Flagellum
Single longer projection that is used for cellular movement
Microvilli
Increase surface area (especially for absorptive cells
Ribosomes
Composed of protein and RNA
Site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Produces ATP
Rough ER
Acts as transportation network for proteins
Smooth ER
Not involved in protein synthesis
Important in synthesizing cholesterol, steroid-based hormones, and lipids
Important in detoxification of drugs, breakdown of glycogen, and transportation of fats
Golgi apparatus
Packages substances received from ER and exports them from the cell or releases them into the cytoplasm
Produces lysosomes
Lysosomes
Digest intracellular bacteria and break down nonfunctional organelles
Peroxisomes
Use oxygen to detoxify toxic substances
Convert free radicals into hydrogen peroxide
Cytoskeleton
Provides internal framework for cell
Centrioles
Important in organizing the mitotic spindle
Form the base of cilia and flagella
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains DNA
Solute
A substance that can be dissolved
Solvent
A substance that does the dissolving
Solution
When the solute has dissolved and is no longer distinguishable from the Solvent
Intracellular
Within the cell
Extracellular
Outside of the cell
Intercellular
Between cells (interstitial)
Passive processes
No energy is expanded by the cell
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion with the aid of carrier proteins
Osmosis
Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration (high solvent) to a region of high solute concentration (low solvent)
Filtration
Substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
Small solutes pass through while larger molecules do not
Important in kidney function
Active processes
Energy is expanded by the cell
Endocytosis
Materials are taken into the cell
Phagocytosis
“Cell eating”
Cell membrane extend around solid particles
Pinocytosis
“Cell drinking”
Cell membrane extends around fluid droplets
Important in absorptive cells in small intestine
Receptor-mediated
Specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering the cell
Enzymes, insulin, hormones, iron, and cholesterol enter the cell by this method
Exocytosis
Materials are expelled by a cell
Waste products are excreted and useful products are secreted into the extracellular space
Hormones, neurotransmitters, and mucus are released from the cell by this method
Active transport
Movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration with aid of carrier proteins
Ex. Sodium-potassium pump
Hypotonic
Extracellular fluid is less concentrated than the intracellular fluid
Ex. RBCs placed in hypotonic soln gain water and burst
Hypertonic
Extracellular fluid is more concentrated that the intracellular fluid
Ex. RBCs placed in a hypertonic soln lose water and crenate (shrivel)
Isotonic
Concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal
Ex. RBCs placed in an isotonic soln remain unchanged
Tissue
Groups of similar cells with related functions
Histology
Study of tissues
Epithelial tissue
Covers body surface, lines body cavities, and forms active part of glands
Functions: protection, secretion, excretion, filtration, absorption of nutrients, and receipt of sensory information
Squamous epithelium
Flat, think, plate-like cells
Simple squamous is found lining blood vessels, alveoli of lungs, and thoracic and abdominal cavities
Stratified squamous is found lining the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum (nonkeratinized) and epidermis (keratinized)
Cuboidal epithelium
Cube-shaped cells
Simple cuboidal is important in absorption and secretion and forms the active part of glands and small ducts, ovary surface, and kidney tubules
Stratified cuboidal is rare but lines the ducts of sweat, salivary, and mammary glands
Columnar epithelial
Tall, rectangular cells
Simple columnar lines the digestive tract for absorption and secretion
Simple columnar with cilia lines the bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
Stratified columnar is found in mammary ducts and portions of the male urethra
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial
Appears ro be more than one layer but all cells touch the basal membrane
Usually ciliated and often associated with goblet cells
Found in respiratory tract
Transitional epithelial
May resemble both cuboidal and squamous and found in areas if great distention such as urinary bladder, uretets amd part of the urethra
Glandular epithelial
Highly specialized epithelial cells with the ability to secrete various products
Endocrine and exocrine
Endocrine
Ductless and secret hormones directly into bloodstream
Ex. estrogen secreted by ovaries
Exocrine
Have ducts and secrete onto an epithelial surface
Ex sweat glands
Connective tissue
Composed of 3 elements: cells, fibers, and matrix (ground substance)
Functions: connects and supports, protects, insulates, transports fluids, and stores energy
Areolar Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue
most widely distributed
supports organs, protects and provides flexibility for all 3 fiber types
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs
Adipose tissue
Loose, connective tissue
insulates, protects, cushions
Reserve energy composed of fat cells (adipocytes)
Reticular tissue
loose connective tissue
supportive tissue
found in spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Network of fine reticular fibers, macrophages, and fibroblasts
Regular tissue
Dense connective tissue
tendons (bone to muscle), ligaments (bone to bone), and aponeuroses (muscle to muscle)
Collagen fibers arranged in a parallel pattern and fibroblasts provide strong attachments
Irregular tissue
Dense connective tissue
Dermis of the skin, organ capsule, joint capsules
Collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern, elastic fibers, fibroblasts
Provides strength and support to areas experiencing tension from all directions
Elastic tissue
Dense connective tissue
Ligaments that contain more elastic fibers than collagen nuchal ligament in horse’s neck
Hyaline tissue
Specialized cartilage tissue
nose, trachea, larynx, embryonic skeleton, costal cartilage, articular cartilage
Collagen fibers and chondrocytes support with some flexibility
Elastic tissue (specialized cartilage)
pinna, auditory canal, epiglottis, elastic fibers
Provides shape and great flexibility
Fibrocartilage
Specialized cartilage tissue
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, disc in stifle, thick collagen fibers, and chondrocytes
Provides strong support
Bone (Osseous) Connective Tissue
Compact (Dense)
Bones, collagen fibers, osteocytes, and calcified matrix
Supports, protects, houses blood-producing tissue
Stores calcium and other minerals
Blood Connective Tissue
Spongy (cancellous)
Lattice-like bone structure
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and plasma
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary control
long, parallel striated fibers with multiple nuclei located at their periphery
Attaches to and moves bones
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary control
Spindle-shaped, smooth cells with a centrally located nucleus
Found in walls of hollow organs (ex. digestive tract, blood vessels)
Lacks bony attachments
Nervous Tissue
Specialized for conducting electrical impulses
Major locations are brain, spinal cord, and nerves
2 Major types: neurons which conduct impulses and neuroglial cells which are supporting cells and do not conduct impulses
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary control
Long, striated cells that are joined at points known as intercalated discs; have a single, centrally located nucleus
Found only in the heart (myocardium)
Mucous Membranes (mucosae)
Line cavities that ultimately connect to the exterior of the body
adapted to absorb and secrete; normally secrete mucus, which lubricates both the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital pathways
Serous membranes (serosa)
membranes that line body cavities but do not connect to the exterior of the body
Secrete a thin, watery fluid which reduces friction between parietal and visceral surfaces
Cutaneous membranes (integument or skin)
Exposed to external environments
Provides durability, protection, and waterproofing
Osteology
study of bones
Axial skeleton
Bones found on the midline or attached to it
Ex ribs, skulls, vertebral column, and sternum
Appendicular skeleton
all bones present in the limbs
Function of bones
Support soft tissues of the body
Protect vital organs
Act as levers for muscle attachment
Store minerals
Produce blood cells
Compact (dense) bone
has very few spaces, appears solid, and provides strength and support
Made of Haversian systems (osteons)
Components of Haversian System
Central haversian canal: houses blood vessels and nerves
Canaliculi: very small canals that radiate out, connecting all lacunae to each other and to the central haversian canal
Lamellae: concentric rings of bone
Lacunae: small spaces that house osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Spongy (cancellous) bone
no haversian systems
has large spaces between lattice-like pieces of bone known as trabeculae
Spaces are filled with marrow
Osteoblast
immature bone cell that produces bone matrix known as osteoid
Osteoclasts
very large multinucleated cells capable of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals which is a process known as osteolysis (resorption)
