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Nut 2 Sem 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are drugs

A

Substances used or administered with a view to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological, immunological or metabolic action.

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2
Q

Who is the UKs regulatory agency

A

Medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency (MHRA).

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3
Q

Types of meds regulated

A

Prescription only (POM)
Controlled (codeine)
Pharmacy only (PC)
General sale (GSL)

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4
Q

Common drugs

A

Analgesics
Laxatives
PPIs
Anti histamine

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5
Q

What does active ingredient do

A

Delivers mode of action and produces side effects

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6
Q

What inactive ingredient do

A

Alters drugs physical properties/ fillers colours sweeteners could trigger food intolerances or allergies

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7
Q

What compound does aspirin contain

A

Salicin

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8
Q

What are pharmacokinetics of a drug

A

The movement of the drug in the body
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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9
Q

Explain first pass metabolism

A

Process when drug taken orally, is absorbed from the GIT and taken via portal vein into liver. Results in drug concentration being reduced by time it reaches systemic circulation.

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10
Q

What is meant by bioavailability

A

Amount of drug that reaches blood stream for distribution

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11
Q

What are the routes of administration

A

Oral
Sublingual- spray
Topical
Parenteral - injection

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12
Q

What factors effect absorption

A

Gut motility- diarrhoea/ constipation
Malabsorption- reduced absorption (celiac)

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13
Q

How is a drug distributed in the body

A

Binging to plasma proteins
Binding to other tissues - in bones / muscles
Accumulating in lipids

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14
Q

What is drug metabolism

A

Process when drugs are chemically changed from lipid to water soluble form for excretion

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15
Q

Explain phase 1 of metabolism

A

Drug is altered to make suitable for phase 11 reactions or for excretion this involves CYP 450 family of enzymes

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16
Q

Explain phase 11 metabolism

A

Molecules from phase 1 are conjugated to a more water soluble product to aid excretion.

17
Q

What is the pharmacodynamics of a drug

A

How the drug interacts with the body to exert its affects.

18
Q

Which drugs are know to have a narrow therapeutic index

A

Digoxin
Warfarin
Lithium

19
Q

What’s the term poly pharmacy mean

A

When a person is on serval drugs

20
Q

What drugs does garlic interact with

A

Cholesterol, blood pressure, anticoagulants and anti platelet

21
Q

What does ginkgo interact with

A

Anti platelets and anticoagulants

22
Q

With which drug should grapefruit be avoided and why

A

Statins and digoxin because it inhibits CYP 3A4 for 24hours which could make drug toxic levels in the body.

23
Q

Which food reduce effects of warfarin

A

Green veggies due to insoles and vit k content

24
Q

What nutrient depletions are caused by statins and explain mechanism

A

CoQ 10

Blocks synthesis of mevalonic acid which is precursor for cholesterol and CoQ10

25
Q

What nutrients do antibiotics deplete and mechanism

A

Biotin (B5)
B6
B2
B1
B12
Vit K

By destruction of intestinal micro flora may lead to decreased production of B vitamins and vitamin K

26
Q

Nutrient depletion of antacids and mechanism.

A

Calcium
Folate
Iron
Chromium

Increased gastric pH may reduce absorption.
Aluminium ones reduce calcium

27
Q

Contradictions and side effects of ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin 11 antagonists

A

Contradictions - pregnancy and breast feeding

Side effects - hyperkalaemia, constipation, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting.

28
Q

Statins - contradictions, interactions and side effects.

A

Contradictions- pregnancy, breast feeding and liver disease.

Interactions - grapefruit & pomegranate

Side effects- GIT disturbance’s, myopathy, fatigue, rhabdomyolysis

29
Q

Digoxin - contradictions, cautions, interactions and side effect

A

Contradictions- heart block, ventricular tachycardia

Caution- hypokalaemia (low potassium) low blood mg

Interactions - hawthorn

Side effects- nausea vomiting diarrhoea loss of appetite

30
Q

PPIs cautions and side effects

A

Cautions - liver disease, pregnancy, masks symptoms of gastric cancer

Side effects- headaches, GI disturbances, infections and SIBO due to low pH,
Low B12, low magnesium, iron deficiency

31
Q

Nutrient depletion of Proton pump inhibitors

A

Beta carotene, calcium, chromium, magnesium, iron, vit c, zinc

Reduced gastric acids inhibit absorption

32
Q

Levothyroxine - action, contra indications, cautions and side effects

A

Mode of action - lifelong replacement
Contra indications - thyrotoxicosis
Cautions- elderly, cardiovascular disorders.
Side effects- headaches, insomnia, tremor anxiety.
Interaction- oral iron and calcium take 4 hours apart.

33
Q

SSRIs - mode of action, contraindications and side effects

A

Mode of action - selectively inhibit the re-uptake of serotonin (5-HT)

Contraindications- poorly controlled epilepsy

Side effects- GIT disturbance, constipation, diarrhoea, anxiety, insomnia.

34
Q

What is serotonin syndrome and symptoms

A

Excess of serotonin due to therapeutic drug use, overdoes or interactions.

When two or more drugs are affecting serotonin at the same time.

Symptoms- confusion, disorientation, exaggerated reflexes, fever, sweating, hypotension.

35
Q

NSAIDs - mode of action, contraindications, cautions and side effects

A

Mode of action - inhibits the activity or COX 1 and COX 2 thereby inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

Contraindications- peptic ulcer, IBD,

Cautions - asthma, cardiac impairment, increase bleeding with warfarin.

Side effects- risk of gastric ulceration, kidney damage.

36
Q

Natural Alternatives to NSAIDs

A

Willow bark
Turmeric
Ginger
Boswellia
All COX inhibitors

COX and LoX inhibitors- onions asparagus, apples and berries.

Nut 2 Sem 1 (6 decks)

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