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Nut 2 Sem 1 > Nutrigenomics > Flashcards

Nutrigenomics Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrigenomics

A

Study of interaction of nutrtion and genes in regards to prevention or treatment of disease.

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2
Q

What’s a gene

A

Made up of DNA our physical unit of heredity

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3
Q

What is a trait

A

An inherited characteristic such as shyness

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4
Q

What is an Allele

A

A variant form of a gene responsible for the variation in which a trait can be expressed eg eye colour

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5
Q

What is a phenotype

A

How genetic and environmental influences come together

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6
Q

What is Genomics

A

The study of genes, determines how they interact and influence biological pathways, networks and physiology

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7
Q

How many chromosomes in a cell nucleus

A

23 pairs

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8
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

Genetic information of two paired chains
Each contains deoxyribose, phosphate group and one of 4 bases. A C T D

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9
Q

What are names of nucleotide bases

A

A - adenine
C- cytosine
T - thymine
G - guanine

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10
Q

What’s transcription

A

DNA transcribed to RNA which is translated into a protein from amino acids. This determines the shape and function of the protein

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11
Q

What a codon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides which is a code for a specific amino acid. The condones make up the genes.

Example AUG is code of acid methionine

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12
Q

What is a SNP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism - a difference in single bases in the sequence of a gene. ( genetic variation in humans)

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13
Q

What is a wild type variant

A

Usually normal/ stable

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14
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

1 chromosomal variant usually indicates some potential change of function.

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15
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

Variants in both chromosomes with great change of function

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16
Q

What does BCO1 code for

A

Beta carotene Oxygenase 1 (vit A)
Converts beta carotene to retinol

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17
Q

What does VDR gene code for

A

Vitamin D receptor

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18
Q

What is SLC23A1 gene code for

A

Vitamin C transporters - a SNP in this gene associated with higher demand for Vit C

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19
Q

In what areas is genetic testing useful in clinic

A

Methylation
Detoxification
Neurotransmitters/ hormone synthesis
Vitamin conversion/ receptor function

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20
Q

What are symptoms of vitaminA deficiency

A

Impaired night vision, frequent infection, skin conditions

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21
Q

What are the BCO1 gene SNPs

A

A379V TT reduction in enzyme activity

R267S AT or TT lower conversion

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22
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin D deficiency

A

Immune dysfunction, frequent infections, asthma, allergies, rickets, osteoporosis

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23
Q

What do FADS 1 and FADS 2 code for

A

FADS 1 - for delta 5 desaturate
FADS 2 - for delta 6 desaturates

For conversion of Fatty acids

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24
Q

What does TNF gene code for and what do SNPs risk

A

Production of pro inflammatory cytokine (protein)

SNP can increase risk of asthma, RA, psoriasis and cancer

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25
Q

What is methylation

A

Process of adding a methyl group (CH3) to a substrate. Involves in nearly all metabolic processes.

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26
Q

Give examples of methylation processes in the body

A

Gene regulation
DNA and RNA synthesis
Detoxification
Energy production
Myelination and neurotransmitter production
Immune function

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27
Q

What are the cofactors needed for methylation

A

Folate
B12
B6
B2
Choline
Betaine (TMG)
Zinc

28
Q

What is SAMe

A

The methyl donor for the body
S- adenosylmethionine

29
Q

What is SAMe formed from

A

Methionine

30
Q

What is needed for the production of SAMe

A

Methyl folate

31
Q

What might disrupt the production of SAMe

A

Lack of substrates - folate and methionine
Lack of co factors - B2, B12,B6, Zinc
Malabsorption
Drug - OCP
Toxin exposure
Higher demands - stress imbalance hormones, inflammation

32
Q

What can impaired methylation contribute to

A

Cardiovascular disease
Cancer
Infertility
Chronic fatigue
Neurological diseases - MS/ Alzheimer’s

33
Q

How can you assess for indicators of poor methylation

A

Genetic testing - SNPs

Homocysteine levels ( normal 5-8umol)

34
Q

What does does MTHFR gene code for and what do SNPs do

A

For the enzyme to convert folate to methyl folate

SNPs C replaced with G results in reduced activity

35
Q

What does MTR and MTRR gene code for

A

The enzyme for methionine synthase which converts homocysteine to methionine

36
Q

What is transsulphuration

A

Another route for homocysteine that provides a substrate for glutathione synthesis and the key phase 2 detoxification process of sulphation and glutathione conjugation

37
Q

What is 5-MTHF needed for

A

Synthesis of serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline

MTHFR is essential for 5-MTHF

38
Q

What dietary recommendations would support production of SAMe

A

Choline
Betaine
Folate
B12 rich foods - meat, fish, eggs, liver

39
Q

What is detoxification

A

The process of transforming fat soluble toxins and xenobiotics into water soluble compounds that can be eliminated via the urine or bile.

40
Q

How to support detoxification in clinic

A

Minimise toxic load
Support elimination pathways
Support detoxification pathways

41
Q

Where do you get toxin bisphenols
And what is associated with

A

Tinned and plastic packaging

Type 2 diabetes, infertility, oestrogen distribution

42
Q

Where do you find pesticides and herbicides and what are they associated with

A

Chemically grown food, water

Alzheimer’s, infertility, RA, SLE, cancer

43
Q

Where do you find polybrominatrd didphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and what are they associated with

A

Flame retardants, farmed fish

Insulin resistance, child behaviour problems

44
Q

What are heavy mental toxins and what are they associated with

A

Aluminium- mitochondrial damage

Mercury - chronic fatigue, hashimotos, ADHD, infertility

Arsenic - type 2 diabetes, cancer, gout

45
Q

How to be toxin free

A

Eat organic
Eat wild fish
Avoid plastic packaging
Use water filters
Use air purifier
Non chemical cleaners
Avoid alcohol/ smoking / drugs

46
Q

Signs of sluggish detoxification

A

Fatigue
Poor appetite
Gallstones
Pale fatty stools
Intolerance to alcohol
Offensive body odour
Feeling hot
Dark circles under eyes
Hormones imbalance
Headaches

47
Q

How to test for detoxification

A

Hair analysis - toxic elements
Urine - heavy metals
Blood - metals panel
Stool panel
Genetic profile

48
Q

Name antioxidant enzymes

A

Superoxide dismutase - zinc, copper & manganese

Catalase - iron

Glutathione peroxidase - selenium

Glutathione reductase - B3

49
Q

Name chain breaking antioxidants

A

Vitamin E - sunflower seeds, almonds, avocados

Vitamin C - pepper, kiwi, berries

Flavonoids - red onion, grapes and apples.

Carotenoids- yellow and orange veg

50
Q

What is the transition metal binding protein

A

Metallothionein (MT) cysteine rich proteins that blind to essential and toxic metals.

Legumes, sunflower seeds, eggs, chicken, zinc, copper and selenium

51
Q

Explain detoxification phase zero

A

The entry of the toxin into the cell (hepatocytes) or exit of the unmetabolised toxin from storage inside cells such as adipocytes.

52
Q

Explain phase 1 detoxification

A

CYP450 enzymes react with toxins or hormones to create active binding site on toxin to make them more water soluble (but also more reactive) for conjugation in phase 11

53
Q

Explain phase 11 detoxification

A

A variety of chemical reactions which add a functional group to the reactive toxins to make the safe for release via the blood or bile for excretion via kidneys or bowels.

54
Q

Name phase 11 reactions

A

Glucuronindation - glucuroinic acid added to phase 1 metabolite

Sulphation - sulphate added to phase one metabolite

Gluatathione conjugation - reactive phase 1 metabolite are reacted with glutathione.

55
Q

What inhibit and enhances glucuronidation

A

Inhibits - aspirin, smoking, OCP, fluoride

Enhance - citrus peel, brassicas, turmeric

56
Q

What does glucuronidation detoxify

A

Oestrogens, NSAIDs, Morphine

57
Q

What does sulphation detoxify

A

Steroid hormones, food additives and industrial chemicals

58
Q

What inhibits and enhances sulphation

A

Inhibits - NSAIDs, tartrazine, molybdenum deficiency

Enhances- sulphur rich foods (brassicas onion, garlic) sulphur amino acid’s (cysteine and methionine)

59
Q

What does methylation detoxify

A

Steroid hormones, oestrogen, dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, arsenic and urea.

60
Q

What inhibits and enhances methylation

A

Inhibits - B12 and. Folate deficiency and high sucrose diet inhibits COMT

Enhances - Methionine, Betaine, choline, Vit B2, B6, B12, folate and magnesium

61
Q

How to support liver detoxification

A

Increase Nrf2 gene expression
Using photochemicals that regulate Nrf2
Curcumin
Broccoli
Garlic
Epicatechins
Lycopene
Resveratrol
Rosemary
Blueberries

62
Q

What is phase 111 detoxification

A

The removal and excretion phase where the detoxified products are pumped I got the blood or bile for elimination.

Involves 350 anti port proteins that work on specific substances

63
Q

How to induce phase 111 detoxification

A

Fasting intermittent
Being in lipolytic state allows toxins stored in fats cells to be mobilised and released
Should be supported by saunas

Good hydration

Bile flow - dandelion rot and burdock root

64
Q

What is COMT involved in

A

Methylation of 2PH and 4 OH before detoxification of these oestrogen’s occurs

65
Q

Which detoxification pathway are used for Oestrogen elimination

A

Sulphation and glucuronidation

66
Q

What are beta glucuronidase

A

Undesirable bacteria that deconjugate phase 11 compounds and reduce elimination which then renter the blood and back to the liver for processing

Nut 2 Sem 1 (6 decks)

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