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Respiratory System > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of short acting β2 agonists?

A

Salbutamol (albuterol)
Terbutaline
Metoproterenol
Pirbuterol

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2
Q

What are examples of long acting β2 agonists?

A

Salmeterol
Formoterol
Vilanterol

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3
Q

What are the adverse effects of using Salbutamol?

A
  • Skeletal muscle tremor
  • Restlessness, apprehension
  • Tachycardia & other arrhythmias
  • Relaxation of pregnant uterus
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4
Q

What are anticholinergic agents/muscarinic agonists used in COPD and Asthma?

A

Ipratropium Bromide
Tiotropium
Umeclidinium

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of of action for β2 receptor agonists?

A

*stimulation of adenylate cyclase
*increase levels of cAMP, myosin light-chain kinase phosphorylation & inactivation
*relaxation of smooth m & bronchodilation

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of of action for Antichlolinergic?

A

Non-selective inhibition of acetylcholine at muscarinic (M 3) receptors on bronchial muscles —> relaxation of muscles

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7
Q

What are the adverse effects of using anticholinergic agents in the treatment of asthma?

A

Bronchitis
COPD exacerbation
Sinusitis
Dyspnoea
Headache
Flu-like symptoms
Dry mouth

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8
Q

What are the subdivisions of Bronchodilators?

A

β-agonists
Anticholinergic agents
Xanthine derivatives (Methylxanthines)

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9
Q

What type of drugs are Theophylline
Aminophylline, Pentoxifylline?

A

Methylxanthine Derivatives

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10
Q

Which methylxanthine drug is used in the treatment of Asthma?

A

Aminophylline
A- asthma

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11
Q

What are the mechanism of actions for Methlxanthine derivatives?

A
  • Inhibit phosphodiesterase in bronchial muscle →accumulation of cAMP → relaxation of bronchial muscle via ↓ intracellular calcium & ↑ rate of inactivation of myosin light chain kinase

*Blocks adenosine receptors (A 1) . Resulting in disinhibition of adenylate cyclase, leading to ↑ cAMP → bronchodilation & tachycardia

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12
Q

Which subdivision of drugs are used as Anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment for Asthma and COPD?

A

*Glucocorticoids
*Mast cell stabilizers
*Inhibitors of leukotriene pathways
-Anti-leukotriene agents
-Leukotriene receptor antagonists

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13
Q

What is the treatment for Acute Streptococcus Pharyngitis?

A

Penicillin & Erythromycin

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14
Q

What can be used to treat Diphtheria?

A

Diphtheria antitoxin, Penicillin , Erythromycin

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15
Q

When are corticosteroids used in Asthma management?

A

*Systemic steroids used primarily when attack is severe
* Usually by inhalation - may reduce need for β2 agonist

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16
Q

Fill in the blank. _______ & ________ are examples of Oral corticosteroids?

A

Prednisone & Methylprednisolone

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17
Q

What are examples of Inhaled Corticosteroids?

A

Beware- Beclomethasone propionate
Beryllium -Budesonide
Money -Mometasone furorate
Truck - Triamcinolone acetonide
Coming - Ciclesonide
Fast- Flunisolide
Friday- Fluticasone propionate

” Beware Beryllium Money Truck Coming Fast Friday”

18
Q

What classification of drugs inhibit Phospholipase A2 which causes a decrease in arachidonic and a decrease in prostaglandins and leuketrines?

A

Corticosteroids

19
Q

Which drugs inhibit the 5-lipoxygenase pathway which catalyzes formation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid?

A

Zileuton

20
Q

Which drugs block the leuketrine D4 receptor (CysLTI)?

A

Montelukast & zafirlukast

21
Q

Which drugs are best used to treat Aspirin induced and Exercise -Induced asthma?

A

Montelukast & zafirlukast

22
Q

Which drug is a mast cell stabilizer that can be used in the treatment of Asthma?

A

Cromolyn / cromoglycate

23
Q

Which drug is a monoclonal antibody that can be used in th treatment of Asthma?

A

Omalizumab

24
Q

What are the major adverse effects of Leukotrine Inhibitors?

A

Neuropsychiatric effects, Headaches, GI distress, Hepatotoxity(Zileuton)

25
Q

What are examples of Decongestants?

A

*Oxymetazoline
*Phenylephrine
*Pseudoephedrine
*Ephedrine

26
Q

What is the mechanism of Decongestants?

A

Stimulate α-adrenergic receptors
- vasoconstriction of nasal vessels ↓ volume of nasal mucosa which causes opening of airways

27
Q

What are the adverse effects of Decongestants?

A

*Hypertension
*Tachyarrhythmia
*Rebound nasal congestion with repeated topical use (via down-regulation of receptors?)

28
Q

What type of drugs are used to treat Productive coughs?

A

Expectorants

29
Q

What type of drugs are used to treat Non-Productive (dry) coughs?

A

Antitussives/cough suppressants

30
Q

What are examples of Central acting Antitussives?

A

Opiates - Codeine
Dextromethorphan

31
Q

Which central acting antitussive drug has mild opioid, ketamine,phencyclidine effect when used in excess and can cause an addictive state?

A

Dextromethorphan

32
Q

Which peripheral active antitussives are described as Demulcents?

A

Honey, glycerin, licorice (use syrups or lozenges(sweetie)

33
Q

What is another example of a peripheral acting antitussive ?

A

Humidifiers - ↓viscosity of bronchial secretions
Water may be inhaled as aerosol or as steam with/without medicaments e.g. eucalyptus, sodium chloride

34
Q

What are some examples of Expectorants?

A

*Saline expectorants (e.g. potassium iodide, ammonium chloride, glycerol iodide, menthol)
*Guaifenesin
*Asmasol

35
Q

What is the moa for Expectorants?

A

Stimulate receptors in the gastric mucosa which reflexly increase glandular secretion of the respiratory epithelium  coating of mucosa + ease of removal of secretions

36
Q

Bromhexine , Ambroxol & N-acetylcysteine are what type of drugs?

A

Mucolytics

37
Q

Which drugs can be classified as First Generation Antihistamines

A

Diphenhydramine
Dimenhydrinate
Chlorpheniramine
Cyproheptadine
Cyclizine
Promethazine

38
Q

What drugs can be classified as second generation antihistamines?

A

Laurie - Loratadine
Leys - Levocetirizine
Didn’t - Desloratidine
Come - Cetirizine
First- Fexofenadine

39
Q

What is the moa for antihistamines?

A

*Competitively antagonize peripheral H1 receptors.
*Smooth m: antagonizes constricting action of histamine ( notably at bronchial & vascular smooth m)
*Capillaries: block ↑permeability that normally leads to oedema & wheal formation

40
Q

What is the clinical use for antihistamines?

A

*Allergic reactions: symptomatic treatment of IgE hypersensitivity, allergic rhinitis, urticaria

*Motion sickness

*Sleep aids (OTC)  “PM” preparations

41
Q

What’s the difference between 1 st gen antihistamines and second gen antihistamines?

A

Second generation antihistamines causes less sedation than first generation.

Respiratory System (9 decks)

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