Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

What a drug does to the body

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

What the body does to a drug

Question 3

Ligand

Answer 3

A substance that is bound to a protein

Question 4

Drug

Answer 4

Any single synthetic or natural substance of known structure used in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of disease

Question 5

Medicine

Answer 5

Chemical preparation containing one or more drugs

Question 6

Selectivity

Answer 6

The ability of a drug to distinguish between different molecular targets within the body

Question 7

Agonist

Answer 7

Drug that binds to a receptor to produce a cellular response

Question 8

Affinity

Answer 8

Strength of association between ligand and receptor

Question 9

Efficacy

Answer 9

Ability of an agonist to evoke a cellular response

Question 10

Partial agonist

Answer 10

An agonist that in a given tissue, under specified conditions, cannot elicit as large an effect as can another agonist acting through the same receptors in the same tissue

Question 11

Antagonist

Answer 11

drug that reduces, or blocks, the actions of an agonist by binding to the same receptor - do not activate them (possess affinity but lack efficiacy)

Question 12

Potency

Answer 12

Amount of drug required to produce a desired effect

Question 13

EC50

Answer 13

Concentration of agonist that elicits half maximal effect

Question 14

Competitive Antagonism

Answer 14

Binding of agonist and antagonist occur at same (orthosteric) site

Question 15

Non competitive antagonism

Answer 15

Agonist binds to normal site and antagonist binds to seperate (allosteric) site. Both may occupy sites simultaneously

Question 16

Drug metabolism

Answer 16

Enzyme conversion of the drug to another chemical entity

Question 17

Where do phase I and II of metabolic metabolism take place

Answer 17

The Liver

Question 18

What does metabolism in the liver reduce

Answer 18

Bioavailability of drugs when administered orally

Question 19

What is bioavailability (F)

Answer 19

The amount of drug that eventually reaches systematic circulation of an administered dose of the drug

Question 20

Where are hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes embedded

Answer 20

SER of the hepatocytes

Question 21

Phase I metabolism

Answer 21

Change in the drug by oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis

Question 22

What is oxidation

Answer 22

Drug molecule incorporates an atom of oxygen to form a hydroxyl group

Question 23

WHat enzyme is oxidation accomplished by

Answer 23

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Question 24

What can cytoplasmic enzymes do

Answer 24

Metabolise drugs

Question 25

Phase II metabolism

Answer 25

Involve the combination of the drug with one of several polar molecules to form a water-soluble metabolite conjugation

Question 26

True/False : some drugs (e.g. codeine) can go directly to phase II metabolism

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Absorption

Answer 27

Drug is absorbed from site of administration, entry into the plasma

Question 28

Distribution

Answer 28

Drug leaves bloodstream and is distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluid

Question 29

Metabolism

Answer 29

Drug transformation by metabolism-liver and other tissues

Question 30

Excretion

Answer 30

Drug excreted in urine, faeces or bile

Question 31

Different ways for movement of drugs across cell barriers

Answer 31

Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, pH and ionisation, pH trapping

Question 32

Passive diffusion

Answer 32

Directly through the lipid (drugs with high lipid solubility)

Question 33

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 33

*does not require energy *movement is down a concentration gradient *water-soluble drugs

Question 34

Active transport

Answer 34

*requires energy *can move molecules against concentration gradient *water-soluble drugs

Question 35

Endocytosis

Answer 35

*invagination of part of the membrane *drug is encased in a small vesicle, then released inside the cell *transport of large drugs across cell membrane

Question 36

what form of drugs readily diffuse across the lipid bilayer (ionised or unionised)

Answer 36

unionised

Question 37

What is clearance

Answer 37

An expression of the elimination of a drug from the body (the volume of blood removed of a drug per unit time)

Question 38

What can clearance be broken down into

Answer 38

Renal (CLR) Hepatic (CLH) Other (CHO)

Question 39

Does drug elimination initially increase or decrease as drug plasma concentration increases

Answer 39

increases

Question 40

when does steady state (SS) exist

Answer 40

when rate of drug administration (R0) = rate of elimination (RE)

Question 41

calculation for dosage rate required to maintain steady state

Answer 41

=drug plasma X CL

Question 42

Elimination half life (t1/2) =

Answer 42

(0.693 x Vd)/CL

Question 43

What does elimination half life determine

Answer 43

The time required to reach SS and also time required for drug to be removed from the body

Question 44

What are reflexes

Answer 44

negative feedback loops within the PNS and CNS

Question 45

What is the Autonomic nervous system (in the PNS) divided into

Answer 45

Eteric (ENS) sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 46

Tell me about sympathetic ANS

Answer 46

Flight or Flight Preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar region

Question 47

Tell me about parasympathetic ANS

Answer 47

Rest and Digest Preganglionic neurons originate in the craniosacral region

Question 48

What is the transmitter for sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Answer 48

acetylcholine

Question 49

What is the transmitter for sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 49

noradrenaline

Question 50

What is the transmitter for parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

Answer 50

acetylcholine

Question 51

What is the transmitter for parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 51

acetylcholine

Question 52

Are acetylcholine and noradrenaline the only transmitters released from the sympathetic and parasympathetic

Answer 52

no