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Foundations > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are protozoa

A

Single celled animals, Eukaryotes

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2
Q

What are fungi

A

Higher plant like organisms, Eukaryotes

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3
Q

What are bacteria

A

Generally small, single celled, prokaryotes

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4
Q

What are viruses

A

Very small obligate parasites, non living

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5
Q

What are the features of a eukaryote

A

5-50 ums
complex
multi-cellular
linear chromosome
introns/exons
80S ribosomes

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6
Q

What are the features of a prokaryote

A

0.5-10 ums
simple
often single celled
singular circular chromomse
gene structure (introns rare)
70S ribosomes

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7
Q

What charge does energy generation have in bacteria

A

positive

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8
Q

What is a nucleoid

A

an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material

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9
Q

What does a nucleoid contain

A

DNA and associated proteins

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10
Q

Does the nucleoid have a nuclear membrane

A

NO

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11
Q

What are the chromosomes like in a nucleoid

A

single circular molecule

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12
Q

Tell me about the peptidoglycan cell wall

A

serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall

sugar cage cross linked by amino acid bridges

repeated sugar chains (NAM-NAG)

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13
Q

tell me about the cell wall in gram positive bacteria

A

thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall

stains purple with a gram stain

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14
Q

tell me about the cell wall in gram negative bacteria

A

thinner peptidoglycan layer

stains pink

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15
Q

give an example of an organism that doesn’t stain well with gram stain

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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16
Q

what are lipopolysaccharides

A

key component of endotoxin (part of outer membrane of cell wall in gram -ve bacteria)

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17
Q

What do lipopolysaccharides do

A

have a structural role

Antigen and bacterial toxin

Antibiotic uptake

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18
Q

What is a flagella

A

long whip-like filamentous structures occur on the surface of some bacteria

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19
Q

What type of bacteria can have a flagella

A

gram positive and negative

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20
Q

What is a fimbriae

A

bristle like short fibres that occurs on the surface of bacteria

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21
Q

What type of bacteria can have fimbriae

A

both gram positive and negative

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22
Q

What type of bacteria can have fimbriae

A

both gram positive and negative

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23
Q

What are the factors for bacterial growth

A

Food
Temperature
pH
Osmotic protection
Oxygen

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24
Q

Psycrophiles

A

low temperature

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25
Q

Thermophiles

A

high temperature

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26
Q

Mesophiles

A

body temperature

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27
Q

What are biofilms

A

colonies of bacteria that adhere together and adhere to environmental surfaces

(bacteria inside a biofilm are much more resistant to antimicrobial agents)

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28
Q

What shape are coccus/cocci

A

spheres

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29
Q

what shape are bacillus/bacilli

A

rod shaped

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30
Q

what shape and type of bacteria are vibrio

A

slightly curved rod, gram negative

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31
Q

tell me about spirillum

A

rigid spiral bacterium

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32
Q

tell me about spirochaete

A

flexible spiral bacterium

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33
Q

What are two defensive structures

A

spores and capsules

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34
Q

Tell me about the spore

A

inert structures, resistant to physical and chemical challenge

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35
Q

Tell me about the capsule

A

outermost layer found in many bacteria, usually made of polysaccharides

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36
Q

What does a toxin do

A

promotes infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and disabling the immune system

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37
Q

Aerobic definition

A

grow in oxygen

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38
Q

Obligate aerobe definition

A

require oxygen

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39
Q

Obligate anaerobe definition

A

killed by oxygen

40
Q

facultative anaerobes definition

A

tolerate oxygen

41
Q

What does selective media do

A

presence of specific substances permits the growth of one organism over another

42
Q

what is an example of a selective media

A

mannitol salt agar

43
Q

tell me about differential media

A

incorporation of chemicals produces visible changes in colonies that facilitates identification

44
Q

what is an example of a differential media

A

Eosin +methylene blue

45
Q

What is metabolic profling

A

uses biochemical characteristics e.g. utilization of carbon sources

46
Q

what is serological tests

A

use an antibody - antigen interaction to help identiy bacteria

47
Q

genome sequencing : PCR

A

amplification of a section of genome

48
Q

genome sequencing : MLST

A

entire genome sequencing

49
Q

MALDI-TOF ???

A

produces a characteristic signature based on the generation of ions from a sample

50
Q

What is virulence

A

the capacity of a microbe to cause damage to its host

51
Q

what is a pathogen

A

harmful organism that produces a pathology

52
Q

what is a commensal

A

on organism that is part of the normal flora

53
Q

what is an opportunistic pathogen

A

an organism that causes infection when opportunity/change in natural immunity arises

54
Q

what is a coagulase test

A

used to differentiate between staph aureus and coagulase negative staph (including staph epidermis)

55
Q

What is haemolysis

A

used to differentiate between streptococci

56
Q

What happens to the small blood vessels in sepsis

A

become leaky and lose fluid into tissues - decreased blood volume so heart has to work harder

57
Q

Sepsis : poor tissue perfusion means what?

A

blood supply to less essential organs is shut down

58
Q

What is activated in sepsis

A

blood clotting system activated - uses all clotting factors, increasing risk of haemorrhage

59
Q

Patients with what type of sepsis get very unwell quickly and why

A

Gram negative

due to endotoxin released when gram negative bacteria die

60
Q

Tell me about examples of gram negative bacteria

A

neisseria meningitidis : most common cause of bacterial meningitis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae : gonnorrhea

61
Q

Tell me about gram negative cocci associated with the GI tract

A

Gut commensal coliforms
-many are part of the normal bowel flora
-any coliform that gets into a normally sterile environment can cause infection e.g. UTI

62
Q

What is the first line antibiotic for the treatment of infections caused by coliforms (POSSIBLY IN GI TRACT)

A

GENTAMICIN

63
Q

Is streptococcus gram positive or negative

A

Gram positive

64
Q

how is streptococcus identified by

A

haemolysis

65
Q

What is streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram positive, alpha haemolytic

66
Q

Tell me about staphylococcus epidermis

A

It is nosocomial (originating in the hospital) - associated with foreign devices e.g. catheters

Coagulase negative

67
Q

What is the most common cause of skin, soft tissue and wound infection

A

staphylococcus aureus

68
Q

How does staphylococcus aureus appear

A

golden (coagulase positive)

clump forming (looks like grapes)

69
Q

What can clostridium difficile cause

A

antibiotic-associated diarrhoea especially in the elderly

70
Q

What do viruses contain

A

either DNA or RNA

71
Q

What is the term for when viruses consists of repeated subunits that make up equilateral triangles arranged in a symmetrical fashion

A

icosahedral symmetry

72
Q

What is helical symmetry

A

made up of a single repeated unit

73
Q

What are virus particles composed of

A

nucleic acid genome

protein capsid

virus envelope

74
Q

What does a protein capsid do

A

protects the genome from the environment and delivers genome to the cell

75
Q

Tell me about a virus envelope

A

in some viruses and consists of a lipid bilayer

76
Q

what are the mechanisms of viral spread

A

neural spread (herpes)
hematogenous spread (in blood - HIV)

77
Q

Tell me about the pathogenesis of viruses and disease

A

cell death due to lysis
cell death due to immune system
cell proliferation - cancer

78
Q

what do cytotoxic t lymphocytes do

A

recognise foreign cell surface proteins, signal to infected cell to commit suicide

79
Q

what are the neutralising antibodies

A

IgG,IgM

80
Q

What are antibiotics

A

a drug used to treat or prevent infection caused by microorganisms

81
Q

what is the definition of bacteriostatic

A

inhibit growth of bacteria

82
Q

what is the definition of bactericidal

A

kill bacteria

83
Q

What do narrow spectrum antibiotics do

A

will kill one group (usually gram positive)

84
Q

What do broad spectrum antibiotics do

A

will kill gram negative and gram positive

85
Q

What do antibiotics that act on the bacterial cell wall do

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross linking of peptidoglycan - bactericidal

86
Q

what are the commonly prescribed cell wall antimicrobials

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, glycopeptides

87
Q

What are examples of penicillins

A

flucloxacillin, amoxicillin

88
Q

Tell be about the penicillins

A

B lactam
Very few side effects
range from narrow to broad spectrum
excreted rapidly via kidneys
safe in pregnancy

89
Q

how are penicillins excreted

A

rapidly via kidneys

90
Q

what are examples of cephalosporins

A

cefaclor, cefadroxil and cefalexin

91
Q

Tell me about the cephalosporins

A

modified b lactam
excreted via kidneys and urine
safe in pregnancy

92
Q

how are cephalosporins excreted

A

via kidneys and urine

93
Q

give me an example of glycopeptide

A

vancomycin

94
Q

tell me about glycopeptides

A

not a b lactam
not absorbed when given orally - have to be administered IV
side effects : vancomycin damages kidneys, occasionally causes red man syndrome

95
Q

How do antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis work

A

attach to bacterial ribosomes

usually protein synthesis can resume when antibiotic is removed - bacteriostatic

exception: aminoglycosides - binding to ribosome is lethal

Foundations (10 decks)

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