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Foundations > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

all events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

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2
Q

When do heart valves produce a sound

A

when they are shut

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3
Q

What happens in diastole

A

the heart ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood

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4
Q

What happens in systole

A

the heart ventricles contract and pump blood into the aorta (LV) and pulmonary artery (RV)

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5
Q

What is a P wave in an ECG

A

atrial depolarization

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6
Q

What is QRS wave in ECG

A

ventricular depolarization

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7
Q

What is T wave in ECG

A

ventricular repolarization

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8
Q

What are the events during the cardiac cycle

A
  1. passive filling
  2. atrial contraction
  3. isovolumetric ventricular contraction
  4. ventricular ejection
  5. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
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9
Q

What happens in passive filling

A

Pressure in atria and ventricles close to zero
Av valves open so venous return flows into the ventricles
Aortic valve closes

Similar events happen on right side of heart but the pressures are much lower

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10
Q

Tell me about the atrial contraction phase

A

The P wave in the ECG signals atrial depolarisation

The atria contracts between the P and QRS

Atrial contraction complete the end diastolic volume

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11
Q

What happens in isovolumetric contraction

A

ventricular contraction starts after QRS in the ECG

ventricular pressure rises

when ventricular pressure > atrial pressure the AV valves shut

The aortic valve is shut so no blood enters or exits

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12
Q

come back to this

A

i can’t deal with this today

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13
Q

Hypertension

A

clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg

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14
Q

What fashion does blood flow in normal arteries

A

laminar

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15
Q

Is blood flow in normal arteries audible through a stethoscope

A

No

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16
Q

If external pressure (e.g. cuff pressure) exceeding the systolic pressure…

A

no blood flows through the vessel and no sound is heard because of no flow

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17
Q

Once the cuff pressure drops below diastolic pressure…

A

no sound is heard because of uninterrupted laminar flow

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18
Q

Tell me about korotkoff sounds

A
  1. First sound heard - peak systolic pressure

2+3. Intermittent sounds heard due to turbulent spurts of blood flow cyclically

exceeding cuff pressure

  1. Last sound heard at minimum diastolic pressure (muted/muffled)
  2. No sounds heard
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19
Q

What is mean arterial blood pressure

A

The average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves contraction and relaxation of the heart

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20
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure is the main …

A

driving force for blood flow

21
Q

What is normal range of mean arterial blood pressure

A

70-105 mmHg

22
Q

What happens when cuff pressure is between 120 and 80 mmHg

A

Blood flow through vessel is turbulent, whenever BP exceeds cuff pressure

23
Q

How to calculate MAP

A

MAP = [(2x diastolic pressure) + systolic pressure]/3

MAP = DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure

24
Q

MAP = CO x SVR = HR x SV x SVR

A

CO = cardiac output
SV = stroke volume
SVR = systemic vascular resistance

25
Q

What is responsible for short-term regulation of MAP

A

baroreceptor reflex

26
Q

Changes in blood pressure are located by what and where are they located

A

baroreceptors which are located in the arch of the aorta and the carotid sinus

27
Q

Why can baroreceptors not regulate long term blood pressure

A

because firing decreases if high blood pressure is sustained

28
Q

Tell me about increased blood pressure

A

Increased arterial pressure stretches the wall of the blood vessel, triggering the baroreceptors

These baroreceptors then feedback to the autonomic nervous system

The ANS then acts to reduce heart rate and cardiac contractility via the efferent parasympathetic fibres and decrease sympathetic constrictor tone, thus reducing blood pressure

29
Q

Tell me about decreased blood pressure

A

Decreased arterial pressure is detected by baroreceptors, which then trigger a sympathetic response

This stimulates an increase in heart rate and cardiac contractility, and increased sympathetic constrictor tone, leading to an increased blood pressure

30
Q

Why does postural hypotension occur

A

a failure of the baroreceptor responses to gravitational shifts in blood, when moving from horizontal to vertical position

31
Q

What does negative feedback do

A

acts to minimise any disturbance to controlled variable

32
Q

What is postural hypotension

A

A positive result is indicated by a drop within 3 minutes of standing from lying position :

in systolic pressure of at least 20 mmHg

or

a drop in diastolic blood pressure of at least 10mmHg

33
Q

symptoms of postural hypotension

A

light headed
dizziness
blurred vision
faintness
falls

34
Q

What are the two main factors that affect extracellular fluid volume

A

Water excess or deficit

Na+ excess or deficit

35
Q

How to calculate the extracellular fluid volume

A

ECFV = plasma volume + interstitial fluid volume

36
Q

If the plasma volume falls …

A

compensatory mechanisms shift fluid from the interstitial compartment to the plasma compartment

37
Q

If the ECFV is controlled …

A

plasma volume and therefore MAP will be controlled

38
Q

Hormones act as effectors to regulate…

A

the ECFV by regulating the water and salt in our bodies

39
Q

What are the hormones that regulate extracellular fluid volume

A

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RAAS

Natriuretic peptides NPs

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

40
Q

What does the renin angiotensin aldosterone system play a role in

A

regulation of plasma volume and SVR and hence the regulation of MAP

41
Q

Where is renin released from

A

kidneys

42
Q

What does renin stimulate the formation of

A

angiotensin I

43
Q

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by which enzyme

A

ANgiotensin converting enzyme - ACE

mainly produced by pulmonary vascular endothelium

44
Q

ADH

A

regulates ECF volume and osmolality to deal with fluid loads/deficits

45
Q

RAAS

A

SVR and plasma volume

46
Q

NPs

A

act as counterregulatory to RAAS

47
Q

NPs

A

act as counterregulatory to RAAS

48
Q

What is haemostasis

A

arrest of blood loss from a damaged vessel (clotting)

Foundations (10 decks)

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