Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Foundations > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolism

A

Assimilation of molecules and complex structures from the building blocks of life

Requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Anabolism

A

Assimilation of molecules and complex structures from the building blocks of life

Requires energy

Endergonic and reductive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of molecules to obtain the anabolic building blocks of life and substrates for energy

Breakdown of molecules to yield energy

Exergonic and oxidative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Metabolism is about…

A

balance between anabolic and catabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glucose is the most important …

A

Carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glucose is our … energy source

A

primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Some cell types require glucose as an energy source …

A

Erythrocytes
retina
renal medulla
brain
all cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Glucose has how many carbons

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is glucose used for?

A

Oxidation through aerobic glycolysis to produce pyruvate (efficient ATP production)

Fermentation by anaerobic glycolysis to produce lactate (rapid, inefficient ATP production)

Oxidation through the pentose phosphate pathway to produce ribose -5 - phosphate (precursor for nucleotide and DNA repair, essential for growth)

Storage (glycogen, starch, sucrose, conversion to lipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The initial pathway for the conversion of glucose to pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glycolysis : per glucose, what is the net gain of ATP

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is glucose transported into cells

A

Via Na+ glucose symporters

Via passive facilitated diffusion glucose transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT 1)

A

Found in brain

Low Km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

GLUT 2

A

Found in liver

High Km

Insulin independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GLUT 3

A

Found in brain

Low Km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GLUT 4

A

Found in muscle and adipose tissue

Insulin - dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GLUT 5

A

Found in gut

Involved in fructose transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 stages of glycolysis

A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose to give fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - requires phosphofructokinase
  2. Two interconvertible three carbon molecules are formed
  3. Generation of ATP through the oxidation of the 3C molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 control points of glycolysis

A

Hexokinase (substrate entry)

Phosphofructokinase (rate of flow)

Pyruvate kinase (product exit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When does anaerobic metabolism occur

A

lack of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tell me about anaerobic metabolism

A

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate can act as a hydrogen acceptor, taking hydrogen ions from NADH

Pyruvate is converted into lactate and NAD is regenerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the warburg effect

A

Up-regulation of anaerobic glycolysis in cancer cells

Cancer cells have a low Km hexokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the advantages of warburg effect

A

Rapid energy production

Supports other pathways for nucleotide synthesis (needed for growth)

Supports rapid cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Warburg effect

A

Produces H+ and lactate as end products

Very inefficient ATP synthesis

High glucose consumption demand

Cancer patients lose weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Can cancer be treated by targeting glycolysis?
Yes! patients given enzymes which act around control points
25
GET ANSWERS FOR STUDY QUESTIONS AND MAKE CARDS OUT OF THEM
26
What does glycolysis reduce NAD+ to
NADH and H+
27
Where does NADH deliver electrons to
the respiratory chain
28
What are 3 names for the same process
citric acid cycle krebs cycle tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle
29
Where does the TCA occur
In the mitochondria
30
Where are the enzymes of the TCA located
Matrix of the mitochondria However succinate dehydrogenase is integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane
31
Stage 1 of TCA cycle - how does pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix
H+/pyruvate symport by facilitated diffusion
32
Stage 2 of TCA cycle - how is pyruvate metabolised to Acetyl -CoA
Catalysed by PDC Allosterically converted by phosphorylation Produces 1 CO2 Reaction is irreversible
33
Tell me the basic stages of the TCA cycle
pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix It is then converted into acetyle -coA C2 (acetyl-coA) condenses with C4 (Oxeloacetate) to give C6 (citrated) C6 is decarboxylated twice, yielding 2x CO2 Four oxidation reactions yield NADH+, H+ and FADH2 One GTP is formed (energy) C4 recreated
34
Each turn of the TCA cycle results in the transfer of how many pairs of electrons to NAD+ to form NADH and H+
3
35
How many pairs of electrons to reduce FAD to FADH2
1
36
From each molecule of glucose, the net yield is ...
ATP : 6-2=4 NADH : 10 H+ : 10 FADH2 : 2 CO2 : 6
37
Where is PDH enzyme located (for PDCD)
On the X chromosome Offspring : XX = survivable, adolescent XY = lethal, still born
38
What are electrons from NADH and FADH2 used for
To reduce O2 and H2O
39
Does the pH increase or decrease in the intermembrane space, and increase or decrease in the matrix
decreases in intermembrane space and increases in the matrix
40
What is the energy from proton flow used for
to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
41
What is phosphoryl transfer potential
free energy change during ATP hydrolysis
42
What is electron transfer potential
measured by redox potential of a compound (E'0) - how readily it donates electrons
43
glycogen synthesis and the process of synthesising glucose from precursors is not glycolysis in reverse due to rate limitants
learn :)
44
What is glycogenesis
synthesis of glycogen from glucose
45
What is glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to form glucose
46
What is gluconeogenesis
de novo synthesis of glucose from metabolic precursors (lactate, amino acids, glycerol)
47
What is glycogen
main storage form of glucose in liver and muscle cells
48
What is the organ responsible for maintaining glucose homeostasis
liver
49
Tell me about liver glycogen
broken down between meals and released to maintain blood glucose levels for red blood cells and brain
50
Tell me about muscle glycogen
not available for maintenance of blood glucose levels provides energy via glycolysis and the TCA during bursts of physical activity
51
What causes glycogenolysis to fluctuate
meal times
52
Glycogen is a ....... consisting of ..... ........ joined by ................ branches are introduced by ........................
polymer, glucose molecules, a 1-4 glycosidic links a 1-6 glycosidic links
53
What can glucose residues only be added to
an existing glycogen chain
54
what is the activated precursor for glycogen synthesis
glucose - 1 - phosphate
55
who does glycogen storage diseases affect
newborn children
56
start on slide 10
i give up today
57
increased fat intake without appropriate energy expenditure leads to
increase in numbers of adipocyte more fat in adipocytes obesity
58
Control of energy balance depends on
genetically linked factor environmental factors
59
For is fat required for
an energy source, for essential fatty acids, for fat-soluble vitamins
60
tell me about essential fatty acids
some polyunsaturated fatty acids can not be made by the body deficiencies can lead to membrane disorders, increased skin permeability, mitochondrial damage
61
tell me about fat-soluble vitamins
vitamins A,D,E,K absorption of these vitamins is closely linked to that fat stored in the body
62
what can occur if fat intake or absorption is inadequate
secondary deficiencies
63
what are lipids
collection of different compounds such as ... simple lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, waxes) compound lipids (phospho-. glyco-lipids, lipoprotein) steroids (cholesterol, steroid hormones)
64
Structure of lipids
predominantly hydrocarbon usually contain long chain fatty acids insoluble in water
65
what are lipids important for
their biological funcitn
66
triglycerides =
triaclglycerols
67
tell me about triglycerides
main energy storage form in adipose tissue compact - don't require concomitant storage of water hydrophobic high energy yield per gram
68
structure of triglycerides
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
69
fatty acids are mainly...
straight chains
70
do fatty acids have rings
no
71
pick up at slide 10 again
i tried

Foundations (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions