Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
what is a ganglion
A
collection of nerve cell bodies (in the PNS)
2
Q
what is a tract
A
bundle of axons in the CNS
3
Q
what is a nerve
A
bundle of axons in the PNS wrapped in connective tissue
travelling to/from the same region or structure
4
Q
What do nerves do
A
Allow us to sense our environment - both internal and external
Allow us to respond appropriately to that environment (motor functions)
voluntary - locomotion - skeletal muscle movement
involuntary - smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle
5
Q
What makes up the CNS
A
Brain
Spinal cord
6
Q
What makes up the PNS
A
All other nerve tissue not within the CNS
Spinal nerves - connect with spinal cord
Cranial nerves - connect with brain
Autonomic nerves
Wiring
7
Q
What is a neuron
A
Basic unit of nervous system
Collection of nerve cell bodies :
in CNS = Nucleus
in PNS = Ganglion
8
Q
A single nerve fibre (axon) can only conduct action potentials in relation to ONE of the following 6 modalities
A
somatic sensory function
somatic motor function
special sensory function
visceral afferent function
sympathetic function
parasympathetic function
9
Q
Tell me about motor (efferent)
A
action potential towards body wall, body cavity, or organ
10
Q
Tell me about sensory (afferent)
A
action potential towards the brain
11
Q
What is the cerebrum split into
A
2 cerebral hemispheres
12
Q
What is the outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphere
A
cortex
consists of gyri and sulci
13
Q
What are the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere named according to
A
cranial bone they lie deep to
14
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there
A
12
15
Q
GOOD LUCK WITH CRANIAL NERVES
A
COME BACK TO BIG TABLE
16
Q
CN I
A
olfactory nerve (smell)
sensory (special)
17
Q
CN II
A
optic nerve (sight)
sensory (special)
18
Q
CN III
A
oculomotor nerve (motion of the eye)
motor
19
Q
CN IV
A
trochlear nerve (looking down)
motor
20
Q
CN V
A
trigeminal nerve
both
21
Q
CN VI
A
abducent nerve
motor
22
Q
CN VII
A
facial nerve
both
23
Q
CN VIII
A
vestibulocochlear nerve
sensory (special)
24
Q
CN IX
A
glossopharyngeal nerve
both
25
CN X
vagus nerve
both
26
CN XI
spinal accessory nerve
motor
27
CN XII
hypoglossal nerve
motor
28
some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more
Remember for cranial nerves
29
What way do the cranial nerves go (looking at a
Anterior - Posterior
30
What does the spinal cord connect to
The brain
31
What does the spinal cord pass through
foramen magnum
32
What is the spinal cord protected by
vertebral column
33
What are the 4 segments of the spinal cord
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral/coccygeal
34
The spinal cord has 2 enlargements. What are they and what are they for
Cervical enlargement and lumbosacral enlargement
for innervation and control of limbs
35
In what way does the spinal cord connect with spinal nerves
bilaterally
36
Tell me about the types of spinal nerves
8 cervical - C1-C8
12 thoracic - T1-T12
5 lumbar - L1-L5
5 sacral - S1-S5
1 coccygeal - Co
37
Where does the spinal cord end
L1/L2 IV disc level (conus medullaris)
38
Where do lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots descent into
the vertebral canal and form the cauda equina
39
How many vertebrae are there and how are they categorized
33
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused to form 1 sacrum)
4 coccygeal (fused to form 1 coccyx)
40
What are spinal nerves named according to
the vertebrae above it
(except for cervical region where they are named according to the vertebrae below)
41
What are the rules of spinal nerve anatomy
spinal nerves supply the soma (body wall)
located ONLY WITHIN the intervertebral foramina
from the intervertebral foramina, they connect with ...
Structures of the soma via rami
the spinal cord roots and rootlets
42
What does each pair of spinal nerves supply
one strip of the soma
43
What does the posterior soma supply
small posterior strip
44
What does the anterior rami supply
the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strips of the soma
45
What are dermatomes
area (strip) of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerve
46
What/where are the important dermatomes
T4 dermatome - nipple
T10 dermatome - umbilicus
47
What is a nerve plexus
when anterior rami start to intertwine with other nerves
48
Tell me about the cervical plexus
C1-C4 anterior rami
supplies the posterior scalp, neck wall, diaphragm
49
Tell me about the brachial plexus
C5-T1 anterior rami
supplies the upper limb
50
Tell me about the lumbar plexus
L1-L4 anterior rami
supplies the lower limb
51
Tell me about the sacral plexus
L5-S4 anterior rami
supplies the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
52
Tell me about the somatic nervous system
Soma - body wall (external environment)
Structures
53
Tell me about mechanoreceptors
coarse and fine touch, vibration, proprioception
54
Tell me about thermoreceptors
temperature
55
Tell me about nociceptors
pain (sharp, stabbing, well localised)
56
ANTERIOR ROOTLETS AND ROOTS ONLY CARRY WHAT
MOTOR INNOVATION
57
POSTERIOR ROOTLETS AND ROOTS ONLY CARY WHAT
SENSORY INFORMATION
58
what is the somatic sensation pathway to the brain
sensory receptors stimulated - anterior ramus - plexus - dorsal root ganglion - dorsal roots - dorsal rootlets - posterior horn - cross over midline and action potentials ascent towards brain
59
what is the motor innervation pathway to skeletal muscle
somatic motor axons cross over in brainstem then descend to anterior horn - anterior rootlets - anterior roots - spinal nerves - plexus - synapse onto skeletal muscle which contracts
60
Tell me about spinal reflexes
rapid - misses out pathways to brain
involuntary - protective function
61
Autonomic nervous system
Tell me about the visceral motor system (internal environment)
includes viscera, glands, smooth and cardiac muscle and external lining of organs
62
Autonomic nervous system
Tell me about sensory neurons
sense internal environment - heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, gland secretions
organs sensory nerves are called visceral afferent
63
Patients will describe visceral pain ...
dull, achy, nauseating
poorly localised
64
Autonomic nervous system
Tell me about motor neurons
respond to changes in internal environment
65
Tell me about dual motor control
Most organs have it
sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply
(accelerator or brake)
66
Tell me about the sympathetic division of the ANS
fight or flight
supplies all internal organs, body wall organs and arterioles
pupils - dilate
heart - rate increases
lungs - bronchioles dilate
GI tract - motility is reduced
Liver - glucose released into the blood
Adrenal glands - adrenaline/noradrenaline released
Arterioles - dilate in skeletal muscle, constrict in skin (skin feels cold and looks pale)
67
Tell me about sympathetic outflow
Originates from autonomic centres in brain
passes down spinal cord
exists spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves
travel to sympathetic chains running the length of vertebral column
Pass into all spinal nerves (anterior and posterior rami to supply body wall structures)
Hitch a ride with arteries to all head and neck organs and skin
Travel via splanchnic nerves to reach organs
68
Tell me about the parasympathetic division of ANS
Often supplies same internal organs as sympathetic division
does not supply body wall organs or arterioles
Rest and Digest response
69
Tell me about parasympathetic outflow
All parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and via sacral spinal nerves
internal organs, not body wall
Parasympathetic ganglia in head travels to lacrimal gland and salivary glands
Vagus nerve supplies organs of the neck, chest and abdomen as far as the mid-gut
Sacral spinal nerves carry parasympathetic axons to the hindgut, pelvis and perineum
70
How can blood be separated
by spinning in a centrifuge
71
What are the components of blood
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma and platelets
72
What is the remaining liquid after spinning blood in a centrifuge called
If clotting factors have been removed = serum
73
What shape are erythocytes
bioconcave disc
74
What feature of erythrocytes makes them not a true cell
no nucleus
75
What is the structure of arteries
Tunica intima (endothelial cells supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue)
Tunica media (mostly consisting of smooth muscle fibres)
Tunica adventitia (made of supporting connecting tissue)
76
What are the two types of arteries
elastic and muscular
77
What is difference in structure between muscular and elastic arteries
elastic = smooth muscle has been replaced with elastic fibres
78
What is the vasa vasorum
network of small blood vessels which supply blood to larger blood vessels
79
What is the structure of arterioles
tunica intima, 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media and almost no tunica adventitia
80
What are the 3 different types of capillaries
continuous , fenestrated, discontinuous
81
What is the difference between the circulatory system and the cardiovascular system
The circulatory system consists of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
The cardiovascular system consists of the arteries, the heart and the veins
82
What are the 2 different types of the circulatory systems
The pulmonary and systemic systems
83
How does blood flow from the heart
Blood drains from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Then carried to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Then oxygenated blood is returned into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. It then drains into the left ventricle. The blood is then carried into the aorta and pumped to the entire body. The blood is then carried back to the heart via the vena cava
84
What are the 3 walls of the heart
Endocardium, Myocardium (muscle of the heart) and epicardium
85
What is the endocardium continuous with
The blood vessels connecting with the heart
86
What are the different chambers of the heart
Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
87
What are the major vessels connecting to the heart
Pulmonary vein and artery, aorta and vena cava
88
what is the neurovascular bundle
nerves, artery and veins
89
What is the structure of the aorta
the ascending, arch, thoracic and abdominal
90
What is meant by the sympathetic tone with arterioles
the tone is controlled by tonic production of action potentials by sympathetic nerves
91
What is meant by anastosome
When 2 arteries meet without an intervening capillary network
92
What is the advantage of having anastosomes
it provides an alternative route for blood to flow to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion
93
What is the alternative route created by an anastosome called
a collateral
94
What is an end artery
When it is the only artery supplying blood to a territory
95
What are the dangers of an end artery
could cause an infarction if an occlusion occurs
96
How is blood pumped back towards the heart
venous valves, skeletal muscle pump and vena comitans
97
What is the difference between superficial veins and deep veins
superficial veins are smaller and run within the superficial fascia. They drain into deep veins. Deep veins are larger and run deep into the deep fascia in cavities
98
what does the systemic venous system do
Drains venous blood from all the organs and tissues into the superior and inferior vena cava
99
What are the sensations detected by the sensory receptors of the joints
pain, touch, temperature, proprioception
100
What are the 3 different types of joints
synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
101
explain the joint mobility/stability trade off
as a joint is more stable, it becomes less mobile
102
What are some features of fibrous joints
they have generally limited mobility and are quite stable
103
What are the types of fibrous joints
syndesmosis, sutures and fontanelles
104
what is a syndemose
unites bones with a fibrous sheet, known as an interosseous membrane
105
what is a suture
it is the joint between bones of the skull. This is highly stable
106
What are fontanelles
wide sutures in the neonatal skull
frontal, middle and posterior
allow bones of the neonatal skull to slide over each other for birth (moulding)
107
What are the types of cartilaginous joints
primary (syndochroses) and secondary (symphososes)
108
What is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints
primary = 2 bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
secondary = articular surfaces of bone are covered by cartilage
109
How does the mobility of primary and secondary cartilaginous joints compare
primary are less mobile than secondary
110
what are the typical features of synovial joints
2 or more bones articulating with each other
articular surface are covered in hyaline cartilage
a capsule wraps around the joint
111
What are the different types of synovial joints
pivot, ball and socket, plane, hinge and biaxal
112
What type of joint is the most mobile and which is the least
synovial = most mobile
cartilaginous = middle
fibrous = least mobile
113
what determines the movement which a joint can make
the shape of its articular surface
114
What is meant by subluxation
when there is a reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
115
what is meant by dislocation
when there is complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
116
what are the different types of skeletal muscle
circular, flat, fusiform, pennate, quadrate
117
What is the advantage of a muscle having longer muscle fibres
greater potential range of shortening, therefore a greater potential range of movement around a joint
118
Where in tissue are skeletal muscles located
deep to fascia
119
How are skeletal muscles named
a combination of shape, location, size, main bony attachment and main action/movement
120
What are the 2 points of attachment called on a bone
the origin and insert
121
what axis do muscle fibres contract along
the long axis
122
what is the difference between a tendon and a ligament
tendon = attach muscle to a bone
ligament = attach bone to bone
123
are tendons contractile or non-contractile
non contractile
124
what is an aponeurosis
it is a flattened tendon when is attached to soft tissue rather than bone
125
how is the direction of movement of the skeletal muscles determined
depends on which side of the joint the muscle spans
126
how can the deltoid move in different directions
it has muscle fibres extending posteriorly, laterally and anteriorly
127
what do we need to know for each muscle
its name, attachments, main actions, nerve supply, how to clinically test it
128
how can a muscle be clinically tested
by testing reflexes or asking the patient to make movements using the muscle
129
What are the 2 main types of reflexes involving skeletal muscle
flexion withdrawal reflexes and stretch reflexes
130
is the brain involves in reflexes
no, reflexes occur at the spinal cord level
131
when do stretch reflexes occur
tendon hammer used
132
what is the neuromuscular junction
the synapse where the motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle
133
what is paralysis of a muscle
a muscle without a functioning nerve supply
134
what is atrophy
muscle fibres become smaller
