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Foundations > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies (in the PNS)

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2
Q

what is a tract

A

bundle of axons in the CNS

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3
Q

what is a nerve

A

bundle of axons in the PNS wrapped in connective tissue

travelling to/from the same region or structure

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4
Q

What do nerves do

A

Allow us to sense our environment - both internal and external

Allow us to respond appropriately to that environment (motor functions)

voluntary - locomotion - skeletal muscle movement

involuntary - smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle

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5
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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6
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

All other nerve tissue not within the CNS

Spinal nerves - connect with spinal cord

Cranial nerves - connect with brain

Autonomic nerves

Wiring

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7
Q

What is a neuron

A

Basic unit of nervous system

Collection of nerve cell bodies :
in CNS = Nucleus
in PNS = Ganglion

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8
Q

A single nerve fibre (axon) can only conduct action potentials in relation to ONE of the following 6 modalities

A

somatic sensory function
somatic motor function
special sensory function
visceral afferent function
sympathetic function
parasympathetic function

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9
Q

Tell me about motor (efferent)

A

action potential towards body wall, body cavity, or organ

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10
Q

Tell me about sensory (afferent)

A

action potential towards the brain

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11
Q

What is the cerebrum split into

A

2 cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

What is the outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphere

A

cortex

consists of gyri and sulci

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13
Q

What are the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere named according to

A

cranial bone they lie deep to

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14
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12

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15
Q

GOOD LUCK WITH CRANIAL NERVES

A

COME BACK TO BIG TABLE

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16
Q

CN I

A

olfactory nerve (smell)

sensory (special)

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17
Q

CN II

A

optic nerve (sight)

sensory (special)

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18
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor nerve (motion of the eye)

motor

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19
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear nerve (looking down)

motor

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20
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal nerve

both

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21
Q

CN VI

A

abducent nerve

motor

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22
Q

CN VII

A

facial nerve

both

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23
Q

CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

sensory (special)

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24
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal nerve
both

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25
Q

CN X

A

vagus nerve

both

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26
Q

CN XI

A

spinal accessory nerve

motor

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27
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal nerve

motor

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28
Q

some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

A

Remember for cranial nerves

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29
Q

What way do the cranial nerves go (looking at a

A

Anterior - Posterior

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30
Q

What does the spinal cord connect to

A

The brain

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31
Q

What does the spinal cord pass through

A

foramen magnum

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32
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by

A

vertebral column

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33
Q

What are the 4 segments of the spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral/coccygeal

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34
Q

The spinal cord has 2 enlargements. What are they and what are they for

A

Cervical enlargement and lumbosacral enlargement

for innervation and control of limbs

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35
Q

In what way does the spinal cord connect with spinal nerves

A

bilaterally

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36
Q

Tell me about the types of spinal nerves

A

8 cervical - C1-C8
12 thoracic - T1-T12
5 lumbar - L1-L5
5 sacral - S1-S5
1 coccygeal - Co

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37
Q

Where does the spinal cord end

A

L1/L2 IV disc level (conus medullaris)

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38
Q

Where do lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots descent into

A

the vertebral canal and form the cauda equina

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39
Q

How many vertebrae are there and how are they categorized

A

33

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused to form 1 sacrum)
4 coccygeal (fused to form 1 coccyx)

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40
Q

What are spinal nerves named according to

A

the vertebrae above it

(except for cervical region where they are named according to the vertebrae below)

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41
Q

What are the rules of spinal nerve anatomy

A

spinal nerves supply the soma (body wall)

located ONLY WITHIN the intervertebral foramina

from the intervertebral foramina, they connect with …

Structures of the soma via rami

the spinal cord roots and rootlets

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42
Q

What does each pair of spinal nerves supply

A

one strip of the soma

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43
Q

What does the posterior soma supply

A

small posterior strip

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44
Q

What does the anterior rami supply

A

the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strips of the soma

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45
Q

What are dermatomes

A

area (strip) of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerve

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46
Q

What/where are the important dermatomes

A

T4 dermatome - nipple

T10 dermatome - umbilicus

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47
Q

What is a nerve plexus

A

when anterior rami start to intertwine with other nerves

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48
Q

Tell me about the cervical plexus

A

C1-C4 anterior rami
supplies the posterior scalp, neck wall, diaphragm

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49
Q

Tell me about the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1 anterior rami
supplies the upper limb

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50
Q

Tell me about the lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4 anterior rami
supplies the lower limb

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51
Q

Tell me about the sacral plexus

A

L5-S4 anterior rami
supplies the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

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52
Q

Tell me about the somatic nervous system

A

Soma - body wall (external environment)

Structures

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53
Q

Tell me about mechanoreceptors

A

coarse and fine touch, vibration, proprioception

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54
Q

Tell me about thermoreceptors

A

temperature

55
Q

Tell me about nociceptors

A

pain (sharp, stabbing, well localised)

56
Q

ANTERIOR ROOTLETS AND ROOTS ONLY CARRY WHAT

A

MOTOR INNOVATION

57
Q

POSTERIOR ROOTLETS AND ROOTS ONLY CARY WHAT

A

SENSORY INFORMATION

58
Q

what is the somatic sensation pathway to the brain

A

sensory receptors stimulated - anterior ramus - plexus - dorsal root ganglion - dorsal roots - dorsal rootlets - posterior horn - cross over midline and action potentials ascent towards brain

59
Q

what is the motor innervation pathway to skeletal muscle

A

somatic motor axons cross over in brainstem then descend to anterior horn - anterior rootlets - anterior roots - spinal nerves - plexus - synapse onto skeletal muscle which contracts

60
Q

Tell me about spinal reflexes

A

rapid - misses out pathways to brain

involuntary - protective function

61
Q

Autonomic nervous system

Tell me about the visceral motor system (internal environment)

A

includes viscera, glands, smooth and cardiac muscle and external lining of organs

62
Q

Autonomic nervous system

Tell me about sensory neurons

A

sense internal environment - heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, gland secretions

organs sensory nerves are called visceral afferent

63
Q

Patients will describe visceral pain …

A

dull, achy, nauseating
poorly localised

64
Q

Autonomic nervous system

Tell me about motor neurons

A

respond to changes in internal environment

65
Q

Tell me about dual motor control

A

Most organs have it

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply

(accelerator or brake)

66
Q

Tell me about the sympathetic division of the ANS

A

fight or flight

supplies all internal organs, body wall organs and arterioles

pupils - dilate
heart - rate increases
lungs - bronchioles dilate
GI tract - motility is reduced
Liver - glucose released into the blood
Adrenal glands - adrenaline/noradrenaline released
Arterioles - dilate in skeletal muscle, constrict in skin (skin feels cold and looks pale)

67
Q

Tell me about sympathetic outflow

A

Originates from autonomic centres in brain

passes down spinal cord

exists spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves

travel to sympathetic chains running the length of vertebral column

Pass into all spinal nerves (anterior and posterior rami to supply body wall structures)

Hitch a ride with arteries to all head and neck organs and skin

Travel via splanchnic nerves to reach organs

68
Q

Tell me about the parasympathetic division of ANS

A

Often supplies same internal organs as sympathetic division

does not supply body wall organs or arterioles

Rest and Digest response

69
Q

Tell me about parasympathetic outflow

A

All parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and via sacral spinal nerves

internal organs, not body wall

Parasympathetic ganglia in head travels to lacrimal gland and salivary glands

Vagus nerve supplies organs of the neck, chest and abdomen as far as the mid-gut

Sacral spinal nerves carry parasympathetic axons to the hindgut, pelvis and perineum

70
Q

How can blood be separated

A

by spinning in a centrifuge

71
Q

What are the components of blood

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma and platelets

72
Q

What is the remaining liquid after spinning blood in a centrifuge called

A

If clotting factors have been removed = serum

73
Q

What shape are erythocytes

A

bioconcave disc

74
Q

What feature of erythrocytes makes them not a true cell

A

no nucleus

75
Q

What is the structure of arteries

A

Tunica intima (endothelial cells supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue)

Tunica media (mostly consisting of smooth muscle fibres)

Tunica adventitia (made of supporting connecting tissue)

76
Q

What are the two types of arteries

A

elastic and muscular

77
Q

What is difference in structure between muscular and elastic arteries

A

elastic = smooth muscle has been replaced with elastic fibres

78
Q

What is the vasa vasorum

A

network of small blood vessels which supply blood to larger blood vessels

79
Q

What is the structure of arterioles

A

tunica intima, 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media and almost no tunica adventitia

80
Q

What are the 3 different types of capillaries

A

continuous , fenestrated, discontinuous

81
Q

What is the difference between the circulatory system and the cardiovascular system

A

The circulatory system consists of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system

The cardiovascular system consists of the arteries, the heart and the veins

82
Q

What are the 2 different types of the circulatory systems

A

The pulmonary and systemic systems

83
Q

How does blood flow from the heart

A

Blood drains from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Then carried to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Then oxygenated blood is returned into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. It then drains into the left ventricle. The blood is then carried into the aorta and pumped to the entire body. The blood is then carried back to the heart via the vena cava

84
Q

What are the 3 walls of the heart

A

Endocardium, Myocardium (muscle of the heart) and epicardium

85
Q

What is the endocardium continuous with

A

The blood vessels connecting with the heart

86
Q

What are the different chambers of the heart

A

Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

87
Q

What are the major vessels connecting to the heart

A

Pulmonary vein and artery, aorta and vena cava

88
Q

what is the neurovascular bundle

A

nerves, artery and veins

89
Q

What is the structure of the aorta

A

the ascending, arch, thoracic and abdominal

90
Q

What is meant by the sympathetic tone with arterioles

A

the tone is controlled by tonic production of action potentials by sympathetic nerves

91
Q

What is meant by anastosome

A

When 2 arteries meet without an intervening capillary network

92
Q

What is the advantage of having anastosomes

A

it provides an alternative route for blood to flow to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion

93
Q

What is the alternative route created by an anastosome called

A

a collateral

94
Q

What is an end artery

A

When it is the only artery supplying blood to a territory

95
Q

What are the dangers of an end artery

A

could cause an infarction if an occlusion occurs

96
Q

How is blood pumped back towards the heart

A

venous valves, skeletal muscle pump and vena comitans

97
Q

What is the difference between superficial veins and deep veins

A

superficial veins are smaller and run within the superficial fascia. They drain into deep veins. Deep veins are larger and run deep into the deep fascia in cavities

98
Q

what does the systemic venous system do

A

Drains venous blood from all the organs and tissues into the superior and inferior vena cava

99
Q

What are the sensations detected by the sensory receptors of the joints

A

pain, touch, temperature, proprioception

100
Q

What are the 3 different types of joints

A

synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous

101
Q

explain the joint mobility/stability trade off

A

as a joint is more stable, it becomes less mobile

102
Q

What are some features of fibrous joints

A

they have generally limited mobility and are quite stable

103
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints

A

syndesmosis, sutures and fontanelles

104
Q

what is a syndemose

A

unites bones with a fibrous sheet, known as an interosseous membrane

105
Q

what is a suture

A

it is the joint between bones of the skull. This is highly stable

106
Q

What are fontanelles

A

wide sutures in the neonatal skull

frontal, middle and posterior

allow bones of the neonatal skull to slide over each other for birth (moulding)

107
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints

A

primary (syndochroses) and secondary (symphososes)

108
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints

A

primary = 2 bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
secondary = articular surfaces of bone are covered by cartilage

109
Q

How does the mobility of primary and secondary cartilaginous joints compare

A

primary are less mobile than secondary

110
Q

what are the typical features of synovial joints

A

2 or more bones articulating with each other
articular surface are covered in hyaline cartilage
a capsule wraps around the joint

111
Q

What are the different types of synovial joints

A

pivot, ball and socket, plane, hinge and biaxal

112
Q

What type of joint is the most mobile and which is the least

A

synovial = most mobile
cartilaginous = middle
fibrous = least mobile

113
Q

what determines the movement which a joint can make

A

the shape of its articular surface

114
Q

What is meant by subluxation

A

when there is a reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

115
Q

what is meant by dislocation

A

when there is complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

116
Q

what are the different types of skeletal muscle

A

circular, flat, fusiform, pennate, quadrate

117
Q

What is the advantage of a muscle having longer muscle fibres

A

greater potential range of shortening, therefore a greater potential range of movement around a joint

118
Q

Where in tissue are skeletal muscles located

A

deep to fascia

119
Q

How are skeletal muscles named

A

a combination of shape, location, size, main bony attachment and main action/movement

120
Q

What are the 2 points of attachment called on a bone

A

the origin and insert

121
Q

what axis do muscle fibres contract along

A

the long axis

122
Q

what is the difference between a tendon and a ligament

A

tendon = attach muscle to a bone
ligament = attach bone to bone

123
Q

are tendons contractile or non-contractile

A

non contractile

124
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

it is a flattened tendon when is attached to soft tissue rather than bone

125
Q

how is the direction of movement of the skeletal muscles determined

A

depends on which side of the joint the muscle spans

126
Q

how can the deltoid move in different directions

A

it has muscle fibres extending posteriorly, laterally and anteriorly

127
Q

what do we need to know for each muscle

A

its name, attachments, main actions, nerve supply, how to clinically test it

128
Q

how can a muscle be clinically tested

A

by testing reflexes or asking the patient to make movements using the muscle

129
Q

What are the 2 main types of reflexes involving skeletal muscle

A

flexion withdrawal reflexes and stretch reflexes

130
Q

is the brain involves in reflexes

A

no, reflexes occur at the spinal cord level

131
Q

when do stretch reflexes occur

A

tendon hammer used

132
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction

A

the synapse where the motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle

133
Q

what is paralysis of a muscle

A

a muscle without a functioning nerve supply

134
Q

what is atrophy

A

muscle fibres become smaller

Foundations (10 decks)

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