Pathology

Question 1

What is cancer

Answer 1

uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth that can invade other tissues

Question 2

What is a tumour

Answer 2

swelling, can be benign or malignant (could even be inflammatory or a foreign body

Question 3

What is neoplasia

Answer 3

new growth thich is not in response to a stimulus

can be benign, premalignant, or malignant

can occur in any cell in any organ

Question 4

What is hyperplasia

Answer 4

more cells

Question 5

What is hypertrophy

Answer 5

cells get bigger

Question 6

What is metastatic potential

Answer 6

Can spread to other sites (metastases)

Question 7

Where does malignancy go in epithelium

Answer 7

beyond the basement membrane (access to blood vessels, lymph nodes etc.)

Question 8

What is dysplasia

Answer 8

abnormal cells growing without a stimulus

Question 9

Is there invasion with dysplasia

Answer 9

no

Question 10

Tell me about the nucleic to cytoplasm ratio in dysplasia

Answer 10

High nucleic to cytoplasm ratio

Question 11

What is carcinoma in situ (CIS)

Answer 11

Dysplasia affecting the whole epithelium

Last stage before becoming malignant

Question 12

What is metaplasia

Answer 12

reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type due to a change in the demand placed on the tissue

Question 13

Where does metaplasia occur often

Answer 13

skin and stomach

Question 14

Tell me about the origin site of metaplasia

Answer 14

often cell or origin is uncertain

Question 15

Tell me about the double hit hypothesis

Answer 15

One working gene is enough

One faulty gene puts person at increased risk

Two faulty mutated genes will result in a functional problem

Question 16

What is a carcinogen

Answer 16

Consistently cause mutations

should cause the same mutation and therefore predispose to the same type of cancers

Question 17

What does an initiator do

Answer 17

cause long lasting genetic damage, not sufficient to cause cancer

must be followed by a promoter

Question 18

What do promoters do

Answer 18

require initiators to have caused damage

time period can vary after initiation

Question 19

What are weinberg’s hallmarks of cancer

Answer 19

resisting apoptosis
sustained proliferative signaling
evading growth suppressors
activating invasion and metastasis
inducing angiogenesis

Question 20

What are oncogenes

Answer 20

Turn up genes that promote growth

Question 21

What are tumour suppressors

Answer 21

They stop growth

Cells with malignant ambitions must remove them to survive and proliferate

Question 22

What is angiogenesis

Answer 22

formation of new, abnormal blood vessels

Question 23

What do successful cancers need to create

Answer 23

their own blood supply

Question 24

Is cancer clonal

Answer 24

no, single parent but not all cells are identical

Question 25

What are the features of benign tumours

Answer 25

Macro - round Symmetrical, organised Homogenous - cut surface is uniform Encapsulated - means legion is slow growing Normal nucleus to cytoplasm ratio

Question 26

What does pleomorphism mean (malignant)

Answer 26

Cells grow in multiple shapes and sizes

Question 27

What does hyperchromatia mean (malignant)

Answer 27

Darkly stained nuclei, usually due to increased DNA content

Question 28

What are the features of malignant tumours

Answer 28

Look nasty / not natural Irregular Infiltrative Destructive High nuclear cytoplasmic ratio

Question 29

What is a cancer arising in the epithelium called

Answer 29

Carcinomas

Question 30

What are the types of epithelium tumours

Answer 30

Glandular, squamous and bladder

Question 31

What are the classifications of glandular tumours

Answer 31

Benign - adenoma Malignant - adenocarcinoma

Question 32

What are the classifications of squamous tumours

Answer 32

Benign - papilloma Malignant - SCC

Question 33

What are the classifications of bladder tumours

Answer 33

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

Question 34

What is mesenchyme

Answer 34

connective tissues

Question 35

What is a malignant mesenchyme called

Answer 35

sarcomas

Question 36

What are the classifications of fat tumours

Answer 36

benign - lipoma malignant - liposarcoma

Question 37

What are the classifications of bone tumours

Answer 37

benign - osteoma malignant - osteosarcoma

Question 38

What are the classifications of cartilage tumours

Answer 38

benign - enchondroma malignant - chondrosarcoma

Question 39

What are the classifications of skeletal muscle

Answer 39

benign - rhabdomyoma malignant - rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 40

What are the classifications of smooth muscle tumours

Answer 40

benign - leiomyoma malignant - leiomyosarcoma

Question 41

What are the classifications of nerve tumours

Answer 41

benign - neurofirboma, schwannoma malignant - malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

Question 42

What are the classifications of blood vessel tumours

Answer 42

benign - haemangioma malignant - angiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma

Question 43

What are the classifications of CNS

Answer 43

Gliomas - range from benign version of a tumour to a malignant version

Question 44

What are the classifications of melanocytic tumours

Answer 44

freckle - ephelis mole - naevus malignant - melanoma

Question 45

What are the classifications of blood tumours

Answer 45

all malignant - already systemic leukaemias, lymphomas