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BSNC 2000 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Drug Classes to treat Stroke

A

anti-thrombotics

thrombolytics

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2
Q

“prolol” endings

A

beta-blockers

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3
Q

“sartan” ending

A

angiotensin II receptor blockers

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4
Q

“pril” ending

A

ACE inhibitors

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5
Q

“actone” ending

A

potassium sparking diuretics

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6
Q

Factors affecting drug absorption

A

food –> increases stomach pH
lipid solubility of drug
polarity of drug
route of administration

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7
Q

Pharmacodynamics Definition

A

how drug impacts the body

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8
Q

Pharmacokinetics Definition

A

how the body processes a drug

“ADME”

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9
Q

ADME Definition

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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10
Q

How drugs work

A

1) replace or act as substitute for missing chemicals (insulin)
2) increase or stimulate cellular activity (cocaine)
3) decrease or depress cellular activity (fentanyl)
4) interfere with cellular functioning (invading neoplasms)

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11
Q

Agonist

A

a drug that causes a reaction (usually activity typical of that cell)

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12
Q

Antagonist

A

a drug that inhibits a cellular an effect. blocks cellular receptors or normal activity

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13
Q

Competitive antagonist

A

competes for receptors on cell membrane. blocks chemicals from binding with that receptor site and causing a reaction

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14
Q

Non-competitive antagonist

A

can be functional or allosteric.
functional = prevents agonist from causing a reaction
allosteric = binds to a non-agonist site on cell to inhibit receptor activation

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15
Q

Selective Toxicity

A

ability of drug to only target systems of foreign cells

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16
Q

Critical concentration

A

amount of drug required to induce a therapeutic effect

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17
Q

Loading dose

A

larger than normal dose of drug to accelerate a therapeutic reaction
preloading dose

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18
Q

Absorption

A

time period between administration of drug and drug reaching the circulatory system

19
Q

Parenteral

A

outside the GI tract

20
Q

Types of drug administration

A 
PO
IV
IM
SC
Inhaled
Rectal
Transdermal
Mucous membranes
21
Q

Fastest drug route

A

IV

22
Q

Factors impacting PO drugs

A

food increases stomach acidity

fatty food causes stomach to empty more slowly, affecting distribution

23
Q

Absorption processes

A

passive diffusion
active transport
filtration

24
Q

Distribution

A

movement of drug from circulation to bodily tissues

25
Q

Factors affecting distribution

A

lipid solubility –> water-soluble particles unable to cross plasma membrane
polarity
perfusion of target tissue
protein transport

26
Q

Which drugs can cross the BBB

A

lipid-soluble drugs

most antibiotic drugs are not lipid-soluble

27
Q

Metabolism

A

aka biotransformation

detoxifying enzymes inactivate drugs and make them more water-soluble for excretion

28
Q

Liver enzymes

A

cytochrome P450 enzymes

29
Q

First-pass effect

A

PO drugs pass through GI tract –> hepatic portal vein –> liver where they get metabolized. less active drug available before it reaches circulation

30
Q

Stages of Metabolism

A

Phase 1: biotransformation (inactivate drug) occurs via oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
Phase 2: conjugation (water-soluble)

31
Q

Enzyme Induction

A

enzymatic activity increases during drug metabolism

mixing drugs can cause a decrease the therapeutic effect by increasing metabolism of a particular drug

32
Q

Organ responsible for metabolism

A

liver

33
Q

Organ responsible for excretion

A

kidney

34
Q

Routes of excretion

A 
urine
saliva
bile
feces
sweat
respiration
35
Q

Factors affecting excretion

A

GFR (normally 50-60)
kidney disease
urine acidity

36
Q

Half-life

A

time it takes for a drug to decrease by half of its peak amount

37
Q

Accumulation

A

drugs can build up in the body. can be toxic if drug doses are not spaced out properly
(think of half-life)

38
Q

Types of drug interactions

A

absorption site –> prevents absorption
distribution –> compete for protein transport
decreased metabolism –> toxicity
excretion –> accumulation & toxicity
site of action –> reduced therapeutic effect

39
Q

Areas of drug interactions

A

absorption site –> prevents absorption
distribution –> compete for protein transport
decreased metabolism –> toxicity
excretion –> accumulation & toxicity
site of action –> reduced therapeutic effect

40
Q

Prodrugs

A

drugs that are inactive upon administration and activated by liver metabolism

41
Q

Types of drug interactions

A

synergistic (drugs amplify effect)
antagonistic (drug blocks/inhibits effect of another)
potentiation (drug that has no effect, amplifies another)

42
Q

First Order Kinetics

A

drug elimination is proportional to concentration of drug in blood plasma

43
Q

Zero Order Kinetics

A

drug elimination is independent of plasma concentration –> constant rate of excretion
higher risk for toxicity

BSNC 2000 (9 decks)

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