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BSNC 2000 > Module 1 - Infection > Flashcards

Module 1 - Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Types of microbes

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Fungi

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

no nucleus

unicellular or multicellular

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3
Q

Examples of Prokaryotes

A

Archaea

Bacteria

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

have a nucleus

cellular or multicellular

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5
Q

Types of Eukaryotes

A 
Protist
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Helminths
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6
Q

Types of Fungi

A

eukaryotes
yeast (unicellular)
mold (multicellular)

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7
Q

Helminths

A

multicellular parasitic worms –> ANIMALS
eggs/larvae are disease producing
grow in threads

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8
Q

Hyphae

A

thread-like growth of helminths

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9
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

stain red on a Gram test
antibiotic resistant
produce endotoxins –> cause symptoms (fever, shock) when cell wall disturbed

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10
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

stain violet on a Gram test
treated with antibiotics
produce exotoxins

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11
Q

Which bacteria does not respond to penicillin

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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12
Q

Virulence Factors

A

secreted enzymes/toxins
mechanism of adhesion (viral spike proteins)
ability to evade immune defenses
ability to survive in environment or disinfection

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13
Q

Virulence

A

degree of pathology caused by a pathogen
exists on a continuum
quantitative

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14
Q

Carrier State

A

subclinical but infectious

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15
Q

Commensals

A

colonizing microbes naturally found on host

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16
Q

Protist

A

any living organism that is not a fungi, animal or plant

ex: algae, protozoa

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17
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

polymer found in most bacterial cell ways

neutralized by penicillin

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18
Q

Chitin

A

polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls

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19
Q

Virions

A

viral particle

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20
Q

C. diff characteristics

A

Gram-positive bacteria –> form exotoxins A/B
anaerobic
spore-forming

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21
Q

What route does C. diff travel?

A

fecal-oral

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22
Q

C. Diff symptoms

A 
diarrhea
fever
abdominal cramping
loss of appetite
nausea
dehydration
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23
Q

C. Diff Risk Factors

A 
co-morbidities
immunocompromised
hospitalization or long-term care
medication (antibiotic, chemotherapy)
age (65+)
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24
Q

C. diff reservoir

A

feces, soil, GI tract

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25
Q

C. Diff Diagnosis

A

fecal culture

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26
Q

C. Diff Precautions

A

Contact plus precautions

gloves
gown
mask
goggles

wash hands with soap + water

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27
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

a naturally occurring microbe (commensal) that becomes pathogenic when host is immunocompromised

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28
Q

Helminths

A

multicellular parasitic worms

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29
Q

Infection Definition

A

disease process that occurs when body is unable to defend against a pathogen
pathogens penetrate into deeper tissues causing a disease state OR
pathogen does not penetrate into deeper tissue but releases toxins causing a disease state

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30
Q

Stages of infection

A

1) Colonization

2) Infection

31
Q

Colonization

A

pathogen takes residence on host and begin to multiply
do not penetrate into deeper tissues
subclinical

32
Q

Types of Infection

A

Acute (few days to weeks)

Chronic (12+ weeks)

33
Q

Spread of Infection

A

Localized
Disseminated
Systemic
Sepsis

34
Q

Which WBC defends against bacterial infections

A

Neutrophils

35
Q

Which WBC defends against parasitic infections

A

basophils

eosionophils

36
Q

Which WBC defends against viral infections

A

lymphocytes (T+B Cells)

37
Q

Common HAIs

A

C. Diff
VRE
MRSA

38
Q

Prion

A

Infectious abnormal proteins causing disease

Main cause of CJD Dementia

39
Q

Cellular pathogens

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

40
Q

Acellular pathogens

A

Prions
Viruses
Virions (virus particles)

41
Q

Types of noninfectious disease

A 
Inherited 
Congenital
Degenerative
Nutritional deficiency
Endocrine
Neoplastic 
Idiopathic
42
Q

Inherited disease

A

genetic (hereditary) disease

ex: sickle cell anemia

43
Q

Congenital disease

A

disease present at birth

ex: down’s syndrome

44
Q

Degenerative

A

disease that worsens/progresses over time

ex: parkinson’s

45
Q

Nutritional deficiency

A

disease that occurs as a result of malnutrition

ex: scurvy

46
Q

Endocrine

A

disease that occurs due to impairments/pathology in the hormonal glands
ex: hyper/hypothyroidism

47
Q

Neoplastic

A

abnormal tissue growth (tumor) –> benign or malignant

ex: some forms of cancer

48
Q

Idiopathic disease

A

disease without a discernible origin

ex: idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telagniectasia

49
Q

Stages of disease

A 
Incubation
Prodromal
Illness
Decline
Convalescence
50
Q

Types of disease

A

Acute
Chronic
Latent

51
Q

Acute disease

A

rapid onset
infection lasts few hours to weeks
infection resolved

52
Q

Chronic disease

A

slow onset
infection may last from weeks to years
may not be curable (i.e. chronic infections)
pathogen levels remain high over time

53
Q

Latent disease

A

delayed onset
pathogen may remain in a dormant state for years before becoming activated
pathogen levels remain low and then spike
not transmissible when dormant

54
Q

Primary Pathogen

A

causal pathogen directly responsible for illness/disease

always causes disease

55
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

pathogen that is normally present on/in the body (commensal) but becomes pathogenic under special circumstances

56
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen Risk Factors

A 
stress
immunocompromised
change in normal microflora due to medication
pregnancy 
microbe moves to a new body region
57
Q

Median Infectious Dose (ID50)

A

median amount of pathogenic particles needed to cause infection in 50% of vaccinated individuals
inverse relationship with virulence

58
Q

Median Lethal Dose (LD50)

A

median amount of pathogenic particles needed to cause mortality in 50% of an infected population
inversely related with virulence

59
Q

Primary Infection

A

infection caused directly by a pathogen

60
Q

Secondary Infection

A

infection caused as a result of a primary infection or treatment of a primary infection

61
Q

Endotoxin

A

lipopolysaccharides found in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria
released upon disruption of bacterial cell wall

62
Q

Exotoxin

A

secreted by gram-positive bacteria

63
Q

Sequelae

A

abnormal condition resulting from previous disease

post-infection complications

64
Q

Microbial antagonism

A

inhibition of one microbe by another

commensals inhibit microbial colonization of pathogens

65
Q

Slow disease

A

acute infection is not fully cured

disease is minimized, but is not dormant. over time wears out the immune system resulting in secondary infection

66
Q

Dysbiosis

A

microbial balance
ex: reduction in number of bacteria, reduction in diversity, overgrowth of certain bacteria
caused by various factors: antibiotics

67
Q

Vector transmission

A

a living organism transmits a pathogen to another host

can be mechanical or biological vector

68
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

a contaminated fluid, air or food transmits disease

69
Q

Fomite transmission

A

Indirect contact

a contaminated object/surface

70
Q

Commensal

A

a microbe that is part of the resident microflora.

can be become pathogenic under certain circumstances (opportunistic pathogen)

71
Q

Stages of Infection

A

Exposure
Adhesion
Invasion
Infection

72
Q

C. diff incubation period

A

5-10 days

73
Q

C. diff epidemiology

A

2-5% adults colonized

10-20% older adults colonized

74
Q

C. diff risk populations

A

frail older adults
peripartum women and children
antibiotic treatment

BSNC 2000 (9 decks)

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