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Pharmacology > Pharmacological Terms (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Pharmacological Terms (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Antagonism

A

Opposition between 2 or more medications

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2
Q

Bolus

A

Single, often large dose of a drug.
The initial dose

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3
Q

Cumulative Action

A

Increased effect caused by multiple doses of same drug. Caused bu buildup in the blood

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4
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Reaction to a drug that is more profound than expected. Exaggerated immune response

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5
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

Reaction to a drug that is significantly different than expected

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6
Q

Indication

A

Medical condition for which drug has proven therapeutic value

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7
Q

Parenteral

A

Route of administration other than digestive tract

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8
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Biochemical or physiological changes in body caused by drug mechanisms
What drug does to our body

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9
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How drugs enter the body, reach site of action, and are eliminated
What our body does to drug

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10
Q

Potentiation

A

Enhancement of a drug’s effect by another drug

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11
Q

Refractory

A

Failure of a patient to respond as expected to medication

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12
Q

Synergism

A

Combined action of 2 or more drugs that is greater than the sum of drugs acting independently

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13
Q

Therapeutic Action

A

Intended action of drug given in appropriate medical setting

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14
Q

Therapeutic Threshold

A

Minimum amount of drug required to cause desired response

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15
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Difference between therapeutic threshold and toxic effects.
Safe and effective range

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16
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreased sensitivity or response. to a drug that occurs after repeated doses

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17
Q

Untoward Effect

A

Side effect that is harmful to patient

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18
Q

Mechanism of Action

A

Specific biochemical process by which drug produces effect

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19
Q

Side Effect

A

Secondary effect; used to describe adverse effects, or beneficial, always unintended

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20
Q

Adverse Effect

A

Unfavorable and unintended effect

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21
Q

Toxicology

A

Deals with undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems

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22
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

How genetic makeup of individual affects response to drugs

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23
Q

What does the body do to the drug?

A

A Absorption
D Distribution
M Metabolism
E Excretion

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24
Q

Process of Understanding Pharmacology

A
  1. Understand normal physiology
  2. Understand pathophysiology
  3. Understand drug’s therapeutic mechanism of action
  4. Understand side effects
  5. Understand pharmacokinetics
  6. Understand potential interactions and patient-specific factors
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25
Q

Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Uses

A

Treats dyslipidemia and lower cholesterol

26
Q

Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Normal Physiology

A

Cholesterol required for hormone/vitamin synthesis, maintain fluidity of cell membranes

27
Q

Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Pathophysiology

A

Diet or genetic conditions lead to overproduction or reduced clearance
Excess LDL deposited in blood and forms plaques –> reduce blood flow –> heart attack or stroke

28
Q

Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Mechanism

A

Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase to reduce cholesterol levels

29
Q

Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Side Effects

A

Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase in muscle can lead to muscle pain

30
Q

Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Pharmacokinetics

A

Taken orally, dissolves in stomach. absorbed in small intestine, travels to liver
Metabolized by CYP3A4, excreted through bile

31
Q

Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Patient Specific Factors

A

Drug Interaction-Another medication that inhibits CYP3A4
Pregnancy- Contraindicated, need cholesterol for fetal development

32
Q

Medicinal Chemistry

A

Chemical basis of drug action
Chemical structure is key

33
Q

Pharmacophore

A

Molecular features of drug required for target interaction

34
Q

Physiochemical Properties

A

Solubility, stability, particle size, dissolution rate, lipophilicity/hydrophilicity

35
Q

Structure-activity relationships (SARs)

A

How functional groups within a medication influence drug action

36
Q

General Toxicology

A

Determining doses to be avoided
Species selection
Dose selection
Duration and route of administration
Endpoints

37
Q

Dose Selection 1 in Drug Trial

A

Maximum Tolerated Dose
No Adverse Effect level
Spaced out to allow assessment
3 dose groups and 1 control

38
Q

NOAEL

A

NO Adverse Effect Level

39
Q

Dose Selection 2 in Drug Trial

A

NOT determined by multiples of human dose
t1/2 is shorter in animals so must be adjusted to human levels

40
Q

Endpoints

A

Mortality
Clinical Signs
Hematology
Body weight, temp, activity level

41
Q

Translational Research Approach

A

T0, T1, T2, T3, T4

42
Q

T0

A

Basic Science Research
Defining mechanisms, targets, lead molecules

43
Q

T1

A

Translation to Humans
New methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

44
Q

T2

A

Translation to Patients
Controlled studies leading to effective care

45
Q

T3

A

Translation to Practice
Delivery of care to right patient

46
Q

T4

A

Translation to Community
True benefit to society

47
Q

Phase 1 Clinical Trials

A

Drug is tested for interaction with human system

48
Q

Phase 2 Clinical Trials

A

Pilot studies to begin to define effectiveness and safety of drug in patients with disease

49
Q

Phase 3 Clinical Trials

A

Clinical Trials begin…
Gather additional evidence of effectiveness, understand safety and adverse effects

50
Q

Phase 4 Clinical Trials

A

After drug received FDA approval, studies done to monitor long-term effects

51
Q

4 Ps of P4 Medicine

A

Predictive
Preventative
Personalized
Participatory

52
Q

Components of Drug Name

A

Chemical Name
Generic Name
Brand/Trade Name

53
Q

What’s in a medication?

A

Active ingredient - precise amount of drug
Inactive ingredients - added during manufacturing process

54
Q

Drug Development Process

A

Preclinical Studies
Investigational New Drug
Clinical Testing
New Drug Application
Marketing/Post-marketing surveillance

55
Q

Preclinical Studies

A

in vitro studies and animal testing

56
Q

Investigational New Drug (IND)

A

Application to FDA for permission to test drug in humans

57
Q

Phase I Clinical Testing

A

Determine safe dosage range and pharmacokinetics

58
Q

Phase II Clinical Testing

A

Determine efficacy in small group

59
Q

Phase III Clinical Testing

A

Determine efficacy in large group

60
Q

New Drug Application (NDA)

A

Application to FDA for approval

61
Q

Marketing Phase IV

A

On-going monitoring for adverse effects after drug approval

62
Q

Bioequivalence Medication

A

Drugs that contain same amount of active ingredient but may have different inactive

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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