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Pharmacological Terms (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Antagonism

A

Opposition between 2 or more medications

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2
Q

Bolus

A

Single, often large dose of a drug.
The initial dose

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3
Q

Cumulative Action

A

Increased effect caused by multiple doses of same drug. Caused bu buildup in the blood

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4
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Reaction to a drug that is more profound than expected. Exaggerated immune response

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5
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

Reaction to a drug that is significantly different than expected

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6
Q

Indication

A

Medical condition for which drug has proven therapeutic value

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7
Q

Parenteral

A

Route of administration other than digestive tract

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8
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Biochemical or physiological changes in body caused by drug mechanisms
What drug does to our body

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9
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How drugs enter the body, reach site of action, and are eliminated
What our body does to drug

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10
Q

Potentiation

A

Enhancement of a drug’s effect by another drug

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11
Q

Refractory

A

Failure of a patient to respond as expected to medication

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12
Q

Synergism

A

Combined action of 2 or more drugs that is greater than the sum of drugs acting independently

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13
Q

Therapeutic Action

A

Intended action of drug given in appropriate medical setting

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14
Q

Therapeutic Threshold

A

Minimum amount of drug required to cause desired response

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15
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Difference between therapeutic threshold and toxic effects.
Safe and effective range

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16
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreased sensitivity or response. to a drug that occurs after repeated doses

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17
Q

Untoward Effect

A

Side effect that is harmful to patient

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18
Q

Mechanism of Action

A

Specific biochemical process by which drug produces effect

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19
Q

Side Effect

A

Secondary effect; used to describe adverse effects, or beneficial, always unintended

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20
Q

Adverse Effect

A

Unfavorable and unintended effect

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21
Q

Toxicology

A

Deals with undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems

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22
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

How genetic makeup of individual affects response to drugs

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23
Q

What does the body do to the drug?

A

A Absorption
D Distribution
M Metabolism
E Excretion

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24
Q

Process of Understanding Pharmacology

A
  1. Understand normal physiology
  2. Understand pathophysiology
  3. Understand drug’s therapeutic mechanism of action
  4. Understand side effects
  5. Understand pharmacokinetics
  6. Understand potential interactions and patient-specific factors
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25
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Uses
Treats dyslipidemia and lower cholesterol
26
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Normal Physiology
Cholesterol required for hormone/vitamin synthesis, maintain fluidity of cell membranes
27
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Pathophysiology
Diet or genetic conditions lead to overproduction or reduced clearance Excess LDL deposited in blood and forms plaques --> reduce blood flow --> heart attack or stroke
28
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Mechanism
Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase to reduce cholesterol levels
29
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Side Effects
Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase in muscle can lead to muscle pain
30
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Pharmacokinetics
Taken orally, dissolves in stomach. absorbed in small intestine, travels to liver Metabolized by CYP3A4, excreted through bile
31
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Patient Specific Factors
Drug Interaction-Another medication that inhibits CYP3A4 Pregnancy- Contraindicated, need cholesterol for fetal development
32
Medicinal Chemistry
Chemical basis of drug action Chemical structure is key
33
Pharmacophore
Molecular features of drug required for target interaction
34
Physiochemical Properties
Solubility, stability, particle size, dissolution rate, lipophilicity/hydrophilicity
35
Structure-activity relationships (SARs)
How functional groups within a medication influence drug action
36
General Toxicology
Determining doses to be avoided Species selection Dose selection Duration and route of administration Endpoints
37
Dose Selection 1 in Drug Trial
Maximum Tolerated Dose No Adverse Effect level Spaced out to allow assessment 3 dose groups and 1 control
38
NOAEL
NO Adverse Effect Level
39
Dose Selection 2 in Drug Trial
NOT determined by multiples of human dose t1/2 is shorter in animals so must be adjusted to human levels
40
Endpoints
Mortality Clinical Signs Hematology Body weight, temp, activity level
41
Translational Research Approach
T0, T1, T2, T3, T4
42
T0
Basic Science Research Defining mechanisms, targets, lead molecules
43
T1
Translation to Humans New methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
44
T2
Translation to Patients Controlled studies leading to effective care
45
T3
Translation to Practice Delivery of care to right patient
46
T4
Translation to Community True benefit to society
47
Phase 1 Clinical Trials
Drug is tested for interaction with human system
48
Phase 2 Clinical Trials
Pilot studies to begin to define effectiveness and safety of drug in patients with disease
49
Phase 3 Clinical Trials
Clinical Trials begin... Gather additional evidence of effectiveness, understand safety and adverse effects
50
Phase 4 Clinical Trials
After drug received FDA approval, studies done to monitor long-term effects
51
4 Ps of P4 Medicine
Predictive Preventative Personalized Participatory
52
Components of Drug Name
Chemical Name Generic Name Brand/Trade Name
53
What's in a medication?
Active ingredient - precise amount of drug Inactive ingredients - added during manufacturing process
54
Drug Development Process
Preclinical Studies Investigational New Drug Clinical Testing New Drug Application Marketing/Post-marketing surveillance
55
Preclinical Studies
in vitro studies and animal testing
56
Investigational New Drug (IND)
Application to FDA for permission to test drug in humans
57
Phase I Clinical Testing
Determine safe dosage range and pharmacokinetics
58
Phase II Clinical Testing
Determine efficacy in small group
59
Phase III Clinical Testing
Determine efficacy in large group
60
New Drug Application (NDA)
Application to FDA for approval
61
Marketing Phase IV
On-going monitoring for adverse effects after drug approval
62
Bioequivalence Medication
Drugs that contain same amount of active ingredient but may have different inactive

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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