Pharmacolgy + microbiology Flashcards
What adverse effects can beta lactams cause (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenams)
GI upset
Penicillins can also have allergies and therefore anaphylaxis
What adverse effects could amino glycosides have (gentamicin)
Oto/renal toxicity
What adverse effects could macrolides have (clarithromycin and erythromycin)
Increases QT interval
Cholestatsic hepatitis
What adverse effects could tetracyclines have (doxycycline)
No under 12 = teeth stain
What adverse effects chloramphenicol have
Grey-baby syndrome
What adverse effects could glycopeptides (vancomycin) have
Oto/renal toxicity + neutropenia
What adverse effects could quinolones have (ciprofloxacin)
Decreases seizure threshold
Tendonitis
Increases QT interval
G6PD deficiency
What adverse effects could metronidazole have
Metallic taste
Causes lots of vomiting if taken with alcohol
What adverse effects could colisitin have
May cause myasthenia gravis
What adverse effects could rifampicin have
Orange secretions e,g urine
What adverse effects could ethambutol have
Optic neuritis
What adverse effects could isoniazid have
Peripheral neuropathy and hepatitis
What adverse effects could pyrazinamide have
Gout and hepatitis
What adverse effects could SSRIs have
Takes at least 2 weeks to work
Hyponatraemia
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Sexual dysfunction
What adverse effects could tricyclic antidepressants have
Anticholinergic side effects
How to treat a tricyclic antidepressant OD
Bicarbonate
What adverse effects could monoamine oxidase inhibitors have (selegilline,phenelzine)
Interaction with tryamine foods
Causes a hypertensive crisis
What adverse effects could atypical antidepressants have (mirtazipine)
Increases appetite weight gain
Sedative
Can be useful in depressed pt with insomnia or low weight
What adverse effects could typical antipsychotics have (haloperidol)
Hyperprolcatinaemia
Extrapyramidal side effects
What adverse effects could atypical antipsychotics have (clozapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole, risperidone, quetiapine)
Clozapine - agranulocytosis
Prolonged qt
Hyperprolactinaemia - not aripiprazole
Metabolic (weight gain, diabetes)
Features of metformin
Weight loss
No hypos
Lactic acidosis
Not for eGFR below 30
Features of pioglitazone
No hypos
CI heart failure and liver failure
Causes weight gain
Features of gliclazide
Hypos
Weight gain
Alcohol disulfiram-like reaction
CI ; BB, obesity, cardio problems
Features of glp-1 receptor agonists
No hypos
Weight loss
Pancreatitis
CI; pancreatitis & MEN 2
Features of DDP-4 inhibitors
GI upset and pancreatitis
CI; liver and renal failure
Features of SGLT-2 inhibitors
Weight loss, decreases BP and cardiovasc mortality
CI CKD and recurrent UTIs
Features of loop diuretics
Decreases serum Na, K, Ca and Mg
Postural hypotension and tinnitus
CI: nephrotoxic drugs
Features of thiazide diuretic
Decreases Na, K
Increases Ca, urate and glucose
Postural hypotension
CI; gout
Features of potassium sparing diuretic
Increases K
Gynaecomastia
CI: Addison’s disease
Why is metoclopramide contraindicated in children and young adults
Risk of oculogyric crisis
MOA of LMWH
Activates antithrombin III which forms a complex that inhibits factor Xa
Which antibiotic has an increased risk of theophylline toxicity and describe this toxicity presentation
Ciprofloxacin
Features of theophylline toxicity
Acidosis
Hypokalaemia
Vomiting
Tachycardia
Arrhythmia
Seizures
Moa of hydroxycarbamide
Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase
What chemotherapy agent is associated with peripheral neuropathy
Vincristine
What does angiotensin II do
Vasoconstriction of EFFERENT glomerular arteriole to preserve GFR
MOA of renin
Hydrolyse angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I
How is a heparin overdose reversed
Protamine sulphate
If patients who are on long term corticosteroids and they are suddenly withdrawn what does that mean
They are at risk of addisonian crisis as long term systemic corticosteroid therapy can lead them to develop adrenal insufficiency
Addisonian crisis is characterised by vomiting, hypotension, hyperkalaemia and Hyponatraemia
moa of aminoglycosides - gentamicin
bactericidal
inhibits protein synthesis
broad spectrum
excreted by kidney
uses of gentamicin
bacterial eye infections
otitis externa
moderate/severe diabetic foot infection
contraindications of gentamicin
renal impairment
pregnancy
moa carbapenems
bactericidal
disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis
broad spectrum gram-negative
narrow spectrum gram-positive
excreted by kidney
uses of meropenem
treatment of serious bacterial infections as a ‘last line’
sepsis
meningitis
exacerbations of chronic lower resp tract infection in CF
side effects of meropenem
diarrhoea,nausea,vomiting
epileptic pts treated with valproic acid increased risk of seizures with this ABX
contraindications of meroprenem
pts with known hypersensitivity to penicillin and other beta-lactams
reduce dose in pts with renal impairment
moa cephalasporins
bacteridcial
disrupts bacterial wall synthesis
broad spectrum
beta lactam abx
excreted by kidney
name cephalasporins
cefalexin
ceftriaxone
uses of cefalexin
pyelonephritis
side effects cefalexin
diarrhoea nausea
contraindications of cefalexin and ceftriaxone
pts with known hypersensitivity to penicillin and other beta-lactams
reduce dose in pts with renal impairment
uses of ceftriaxone
gonorrhoea
PID
side effects of ceftriaxone
diarrhoea
eosinophilia
moa penicillins
bactericidal
disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis
broad spectrum gram-negative
narrow spectrum gram-positive
excreted by kidney
beta lactam abx
name penicillins
benzylpenicillin
amoxicillin
co-amoxiclav
flucloaxcillin
CIs of trimethoprim
pregnancy
history of megaloblastic anaemia due to folate deficiency
what is tacrolimus used for and its main side effect
calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant to prevent transplant rejection
can cause hyperglycaemia
