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Pharmacology > PharmacoKinetics And Dynamics > Flashcards

PharmacoKinetics And Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Study of the drug actions on the body. How drugs are transported into and out of the body

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2
Q

To have its desired effect, what must a drug do?

A

Reach its target, be of sufficient concentration

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3
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence drug concentration?

A

Absorption, distribution, bio transformation, elimination

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4
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of a drug from the site of application to the specific target

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5
Q

Distribution

A

The process whereby a drug is transported from the site of absorption to the site of action

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6
Q

Biotransformation

A

How a drug is metabolized or broken down into different chemicals

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7
Q

Elimination

A

Movement of a drug out of the body

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8
Q

Factors that affect the rate of drug absorption

A

Drug solubility, drug concentration, drug pH, site of absorption, absorbing surface area, circulatory status, bioavailability

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9
Q

Drug solubility

A

Tendency of a drug to dissolve, “like dissolves like”, drugs given in water based solutions are more quickly dissolved than those in oil-based solutions. It may sometimes be beneficial to have slower or faster absorption

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10
Q

Drug concentration

A

Drugs given in high concentration are more quickly absorbed than those in low concentration, drugs administered by more than one route may have various concentrations

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11
Q

Drug pH

A

Acidic vs alkaline (basic), acidic drugs more readily absorbed in acidic environments (stomach), basic drugs more rapidly absorbed in alkaline environments (kidneys)

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12
Q

Site of absorption

A

Affects rate of absorption (subcutaneous, intravenous), drugs have to pass through various membranes prior to entering the general circulation

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13
Q

Absorbing surface area

A

Drugs are absorbed more quickly if the surface area is larger. Drugs given by inhalation or down the endotracheal tube absorbed rapidly due to large pulmonary surface area

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14
Q

Blood supply to the site of absorption

A

Different body tissues and organs have varied degrees of blood supply. Pulmonary, epithelium, sublingual tissues have rapid absorption.

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15
Q

What will affect systemic blood flow?

A

Hypothermia, shock, dehydration

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16
Q

Bioavailability

A

The amount of drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue, there must be sufficient amount of the drug still available to produce the desired effect

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17
Q

What are the 4 factors of distribution?

A

Cardiovascular function, regional blood flow, drug storage reservoirs, physiological barriers

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18
Q

Normal Cardiovascular function

A

Drugs are distributed first to highly perfused areas (brain, heart, liver, lungs). Drugs are delivered secondly to less perfused areas (GI system, muscles, skin then fat)

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19
Q

What does impaired cardiovascular function result in?

A

Slower unpredictable drug distribution, with decreased perfusion, there is decreased drug delivery

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20
Q

What would cause impair distribution in cardiovascular function?

A

Heart disease (CHF)

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21
Q

How does regional and systemic blood flow impact drug distribution?

A

Cardio genie shock states could impede circulation of diuretics to kidneys, drugs intended to reduce cerebral edge a may not reach all parts of the brain if cerebral circulation is already significantly compromised

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22
Q

What circulating proteins do drugs bind to, to travel through the body?

A

Hemoglobin, albumin, globulin

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23
Q

Distribution

A

Onset of action

24
Q

Bound drug

A

If the drug binds with the receptor protein or becomes stored in the body’s fatty tissues

25
Q

Free drug

A

The unbound; available to target tissues

26
Q

What is the most common circulation protein?

A

Albumin

27
Q

Physiological barriers

A

Considered a protective mechanism

28
Q

What are the two main physiological barriers?

A

Blood-brain barrier, placenta barrier

29
Q

Blood-brain barriers

A

Tightly packed cell membranes restrict damaging drugs and toxins; only non protein bound, highly lipid soluble drugs can cross these barriers

30
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier consist of?

A

Network of capillary endothelial cells (no pores), surrounded by glial connective tissues, impermeable to water-solvable drugs

31
Q

What’s is the blood-brain barrier ineffective against?

A

Fats, fatty acids, oxygen, CO2, fat soluble molecule, anaesthetics, nicotine, entonox, alcohol

32
Q

Placental barrier

A

Placenta acts as a barrier to some substances passing from mother into fetal circulation; to cross the barrier drug must be: lipid soluble, non-protein bound

33
Q

What is biotransformation dependent on?

A

Chemical composition, protein capacity, metabolizing system function

34
Q

Where does biotransformation occur?

A

Usually occurs in the liver (hepatic biotransformation), can occur in the kidneys, liver, GI Tract

35
Q

Hepatic “first pass” metabolism

A

Affects orally administered drugs
GI tract blood supply passes through the liver
May reduce avaliablility of drug
IV meds bypass this system

36
Q

Decreased biotransformation

A

Cumulative drug effects may occur

37
Q

Increased biotransformation

A

This effect results in the need for some drug addicts and alcoholics to gradually increase their “dose” as the body becomes more efficient at metabolizing the drug

38
Q

Biotransformation inhibition

A

Alternately some drug can inhibit the metabolism of other drugs (acetaminophen and alcohol)

39
Q

Elimination

A

Movement not a drug out of the body

40
Q

What can elimination be affected by?

A

Accumulation of drug in the body, a drugs half life

41
Q

Drug half-life

A

Time required for the total amount of a drug in the body to diminish by half

42
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug will do to the body, drug and receptors bind to initiate a response

43
Q

Predictable responses

A

Anticipate responses beyond the desired effect

44
Q

Factors affecting drug response

A

Age, weight, gender, environment, time of administration, condition of the patient, genetic factors

45
Q

Drug activity; therapeutic index

A

Minimum drug amount, excess drug, dosage

46
Q

Iatrogenic responses

A

An adverse condition inadvertently induced in a patient by the treatment given; most common - allergy to drug, infection from procedure

47
Q

Unpredictable responses

A

Tolerance, minimum concentration, drug dependency

48
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreased response to the same amount of medication

49
Q

Minimum concentration

A

Concentration needed to become effective

50
Q

Drug dependency

A

Prolonged administration may lead to this. Significant symptoms if stop using the medication

51
Q

What are the 4 effects of multiple medications?

A

Cumulative effect, summation effect, synergism, potentiation

52
Q

Cumulative effect

A

Increase effort of a drug given in several successive doses

53
Q

Summation effect

A

2 drugs, doubles the response

54
Q

Synergism

A

2 drugs, response greater than the sum of their individual responses

55
Q

Potentiation

A

2 drugs that causes the effects of one drug to be enhanced

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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