Pharmacokinetics

Question 1

what does ADME stand for

Answer 1

absorb
distributes
metabolize
eliminate

Question 2

what determines the intensity of the drugs effect

Answer 2

the concentration at the site of the receptor

Question 3

what are the routes of administration

Answer 3

oral 
IV
subcutaneous
intramuscular
transdermal pathc 
rectal 
inhalation 
sublingual

Question 4

3 ways drugs cross the cell membrane

Answer 4

pass through channels or pores
through membrane with transport system
penetrate directly if lipophilic (most common)

Question 5

where are transporters found

Answer 5

liver
kidney
intestine
brain capillaries

Question 6

how is 2 compartment model different from one compartment

Answer 6

in two drugs are not distributed instantaneously to peripheral, there is a time lag

Question 7

what kinds of drugs are best described by one compartment model

Answer 7

drugs that dont extensively distribute into extravascular tissues

Question 8

what is another word for bioavailability

Answer 8

absorption

Question 9

describe bioavailability

Answer 9

fraction of unchanged drug that reaches the blood

Question 10

what is drug accumulation

Answer 10

inversly proportional to dose lost

Question 11

describe volume of distribution

Answer 11

how drug is distributed in body relative to plasma

Question 12

define clearance

Answer 12

ability of the body to eliminate the drug

Question 13

what is the drug half life

Answer 13

time required to change the amount of drug in the body by one half

Question 14

what does AUC stand for

Answer 14

the area under the curve of a graph of plasma concentration against time

Question 15

what is the % bioavailability in IV admin

Answer 15

100%

Question 16

what is the first pass effect

Answer 16

drugs metabolized and inactivated in the liver

Question 17

describe enterophepatic cycling

Answer 17

body recycles the drug from liver to bile duct back into the intestine, hepatic artery, liver again
prolongs half life

Question 18

8 factors that influence drug absorption

Answer 18

fromulation 
water solubility
lipid solubility 
pka
Gi motility 
posture
others drugs/food
gastric ph

Question 19

is the drug charged or uncharged when passing through a membrane?

Answer 19

uncharged

Question 20

acidic drugs require what environment to pass through the membrane

Answer 20

acidic environment so they are in the uncharged HA form (dont ionize in acidic)

Question 21

basic drugs require what environment to pass through the membrane

Answer 21

alkaline environment so it is in the uncharged form B (dont ionize in basic)

Question 22

how many half lives does it take for a drug to be fully accumulated or eliminated

Answer 22

4

Question 23

what is steady state

Answer 23

when rate of drug elimination equals rate of administration

Question 24

what does a high volume of distribution represent

Answer 24

drug is extensively distributed and not in the plasma

Question 25

what is the loading dose

Answer 25

Vd x desired plasma concentration

Question 26

how do you calculate volume of distribution

Answer 26

total amount of drug in body/ plasma concentration

Question 27

what is th epurpose of the loading dose

Answer 27

reach therapeutic range right away

Question 28

what are the phase 1 reactions

Answer 28

oxidation reduction hydrolysis

Question 29

what are the phase 2 reactions

Answer 29

glucuronidation sulfation acetylation

Question 30

what is the result after phase 1 reactions in metabolism

Answer 30

usually an inactive metabolite by adding or exposing a polar group

Question 31

what is the result of phase 2 reactions

Answer 31

a conjugated derivative

Question 32

what is first order metabolism

Answer 32

rate of drug metabolism proportional to dose

Question 33

what is zero irder metabolism

Answer 33

enzyme is saturated and the rate of drug metabolism remains constant overtime

Question 34

what are 6 consequences of phase 1 +2 metabolism

Answer 34

``` accelerated renal excretion drug inactivation activation of prodrugs decreased toxicity increased therapeutic action increased toxicity ```

Question 35

define clearance

Answer 35

volume of plasma that must lose all the drug it contains in one minute to account for the observed rate of drug elimination

Question 36

how many half lives are required to eliminate a single dose of a drug from the body

Answer 36

4-5

Question 37

what is the importance of clearance

Answer 37

tells efficiency by which a drug is removed from the body | determining maintenance dose and dosing rate

Question 38

what type of drugs are excreted in urine

Answer 38

non lipid soluble polar ionized low MW

Question 39

how does aging affect half life (decreased muscle)

Answer 39

decreases half life

Question 40

how does obesity effect half life

Answer 40

increases

Question 41

how does pathologic fluid effect half life

Answer 41

increases

Question 42

how does induction of cyp450 affect half life? | inhibition?

Answer 42

induction decreases | inhibition increases

Question 43

how does organ failure effect half life

Answer 43

increases