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HEALTH ASSESSMENT - EENT > PHARMACOKINETICS > Flashcards

PHARMACOKINETICS Flashcards

AND PHARMACODYNAMICS

1
Q

how the drug affects the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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2
Q

how the body acts on the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

is the study of the interactions
between the chemical
components of living systems
and the foreign chemicals,
including drugs that enter those
systems.

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

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4
Q

Drugs usually work in one of four ways: RIDI

A
  1. To replace as substitutes for
    missing chemicals
  2. To increase certain
    cellular activities
  3. To depress cellular
    activities
  4. To interfere with functioning of foreign
    cells, such as invading
    microorganisms or neoplasms leading
    to cell death
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5
Q

are medications used to treat cancer.
These drugs work by targeting and killing cancer cells, often by interfering with their growth and division processes.

A

chemotherapeutic agents

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6
Q

Specific areas on cell
membranes

A

Receptor Sites

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7
Q

react with certain
chemicals to cause an effect
within the cell

A

Receptor Sites

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8
Q

what breaks down the
reacting chemicals and open
the receptor site for further
stimulation?

A

Enzymes

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9
Q

Interact directly with receptor sites to cause the same activity that natural chemicals would cause at that site

A

Agonists

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10
Q

Prevent breakdown of natural chemicals that are
stimulating the receptor site

A

Inhibitors

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11
Q

React with receptor sites to block normal stimulation, producing no effect

A

Competitive Antagonist

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12
Q

React with specific receptor sites on a cell and by
reacting there prevent the reaction of another
chemical with a different receptor site on that cell

A

Non Competitive Antagonist

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13
Q

Drugs also can cause their effects by interfering with the

A

Enzyme System

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14
Q

act as catalysts for various chemical
reactions

A

Enzyme system

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15
Q

Enzyme systems work in a what fashion?

A

cascade fashion

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16
Q

what do u call when with one
enzyme activating another, and then that enzyme activating another, until a cellular reaction eventually occurs

A

cascade fashion

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17
Q

The ability of a drug to
attack only those
systems found in foreign
cells

A

Selective Toxicity

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18
Q

involves the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism
(biotransformation), and excretion of drugs

A

Pharmacokinetics

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19
Q

In clinical practice, pharmacokinetic considerations includes…ODTDMS

A
  1. onset of drug action
  2. drug half life
  3. timing of the peak effect
  4. duration of drug effects
  5. metabolism
  6. Site of excretion
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20
Q

(how long it will take to see the beginning of the
therapeutic effect),

A

Onset of drug action

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21
Q

(how long it
will take to see the maximum effect of the drug)

A

timing of peak effect

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22
Q

(how long the patient will experience the drug effects)

A

duration of drug effect

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23
Q

The amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect

A

Critical Concentration

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24
Q

A higher dose than that usually used for treatment to reach critical concentration quickly

A

Loading Dose

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25
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium; processes:

A
  1. Absorption from the site of entry
  2. dISTRIBUTION TO THE ACTIVE SITE
  3. biotransformation in the liver
  4. Excretion from the body
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26
Q

Refers to what happens to a drug from the time
it is introduced to the body until it reaches the
circulating fluids and tissues

A

Absorption

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27
Q

Drug absorption is influenced by the

A

route of administration

28
Q

Process of Absorption:

A
  1. Passive Diffusion
  2. Active Transport
  3. Filtration
29
Q

Major process through which drugs are absorbed into the body

A

Passive diffusion

30
Q

Occurs across a concentration gradient

A

Passive diffusion

31
Q

Movement from an area of greater concentration to lower concentration

A

Passive Diffusion

32
Q

Process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane

A

Active Transport

33
Q

Involves movement through pores in the cell membrane either down a concentration
gradient or as a result of the pull of plasmaproteins

A

filtration

34
Q

What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the process of filtration?

A

maintain oncotic pressure

35
Q

Route of Absorption

A
  1. Intravenous
  2. Intramuscular
  3. Intradermal
  4. PO oral
  5. PR rectal
  6. Mucous Membrane
  7. Topical (skin)
  8. Inhalation
36
Q

Involves the movement of a drug to the body’s
tissues

A

DISTRIBUTION

37
Q

Factors that affect drug distribution:

A
  • Drug’s lipid solubility and ionization
  • Perfusion of the reactive tissue
38
Q

Most drugs are bound to some extent to proteins in the blood
to be carried to the circulation.

A

Protein Binding

39
Q

Is a protective system of cellular activity that keeps
many things away from the CNS.

A

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

40
Q

what type of drugs are more likely to pass through the blood
brain barrier?

A

highly lipid soluble

41
Q

Many drugs pass through the
_______ and affect the
developing fetus in pregnant
women

A

Placenta and Breast Milk

42
Q

The process by which drugs are changed
into new, less active chemicals

A

Biotransformation (metablism)

43
Q

Drugs that are taken orally are usually absorbed from the ______ directly into the ______ system.

A

small intestine, portal venous system

44
Q

The portal veins deliver these absorbed molecules into the _____, which immediately transforms most of the chemicals delivered to it by a _______.

A

liver, series of liver enzymes

45
Q

what do u call this effect when drugs that are taken orally are usually absorbed from the small
intestine directly into the portal venous system. The portal veins
deliver these absorbed molecules into the liver, which immediately
transforms most of the chemicals delivered to it by a series of liver
enzymes.

A

FIRST PASS EFFECT

46
Q

Is the removal of a drug from the body.

A

EXCRETION

47
Q

ROUTES FOR EXCRETION:

A

Skin, saliva, lungs, bile and feces
Excreted by the kidneys through glomerular filtration

48
Q

is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of
the peak level it previously achieved.

A

HALF LIFE

49
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG
EFFECTS: WAG PP GIPETC

A
  1. weight
  2. Age
  3. Gender
  4. Physiologic Factor
  5. Pathological Factor
  6. Genetic Factor
  7. Immunological factors
  8. Psychological factor
  9. Environmental Factor
  10. Tolerance
  11. Cumulation
50
Q

new area of study that explores the unique
differences in response to drugs that each individual
possesses based on genetic makeup.

A

Pharmacogenomics

51
Q

When two or more drugs or substances are taken together, there is a possibility that an interaction can occur,
causing unanticipated effects in the body.

A

Interactions

52
Q

Types of Interactions:

A
  1. Drug to Drug or Drug to Alternative Therapy Interactions
  2. Drug to Laboratory Test Interaction
  3. Drug to Food Interaction
53
Q

Drug to Drug or Drug to Alternative Therapy Interactions

A
  • At the site of absorption
  • During distribution
  • During metabolism
  • During excretion
  • At the sire of action
54
Q

administration of a particular drug may alter results of tests that are done on various chemical levels or reactions as part of a diagnostic study

A

Drug to Laboratory Test Interaction

55
Q

Some foods increase acid production, speeding the breakdown of the drug molecule and preventing absorption and distribution of the drug

A

Drug to Food Interaction

56
Q

All drugs are potentially dangerous. Even though chemicals are carefully screened and tested in animals and in people before they are approved for sale, drug products often cause unexpected or unacceptable reactions when they are administered. Drugs are chemicals, and the human body operates by a vast series of chemical reactions.

A

TOXIC EFFECTS OF DRUGS

57
Q

Are undesired effects that may be unpleasant or even dangerous.

A

Adverse Effect

58
Q

Development of adverse reaction from
simple overdose which can be caused
by individual response to the drug, high
or low body weight, age or underlying
pathology that alters the effects of the
drug

A

Primary Action

59
Q

Effects of the drug in addition to the
desired pharmacological effect

A

Secondary Action

60
Q

Excessively responsive to either the
primary or the secondary effects of a
drug. It may result from pathological
or underlying condition

A

Hypersensitivity

61
Q

Occurs when the body forms antibodies to a particular drug,
causing an immune response when the person is re exposed to
the drug

A

Drug Allergy

62
Q

Four Classification of Drug Allergy: ACSD

A
  1. Anaphylactic
    reactions
  2. Cytotoxic reactions
  3. Serum sickness
  4. Delayed reactions
63
Q

Drug induced tissue and organ damage:

A
  1. Dermatologic Reaction
  2. Superinfections
  3. Blood Dyscrasia
  4. Toxicity
    5 Alteration in Glucose Metabolism
  5. Electrolyte Imbalances
  6. Sensory Effect
  7. Neurological Effect
64
Q

Drugs that affect the developing fetus or
embryo which may cause death or congenital
defects

A

Teratogenicity

65
Q
A

HEALTH ASSESSMENT - EENT (16 decks)

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