PHARMACO Flashcards
basic
Human body operates through??
complex chemical reactions and processes.
study of biological effects of
chemicals?
Pharmacology
chemicals introduced to the body to
cause changes??
Drugs
What does body processes do?? and impacting what?
handle and eliminate drugs,
chemical reactions.
Is a scientific name that precisely describes its anatomic
and molecular structure
Chemical Name
Abbreviation of the chemical name
Generic name
- Brand name or Proprietary name
- Selected by the drug company selling
the product - These are protected by copyright
- The symbol ® indicates the name is
registered by and restricted to the
drug manufacturer
Trade Name
WHERE DRUG COMES FROM
Natural Resources and Synthetic
Examples from Natural Resources…
- Plants
- Animals
- Minerals
Examples from Synthetic…
Free from the
impurities found
in natural
substances
DRUG ADMINISTRATION
ROUTES
- Buccal, Sublingual.
Translingual - Gastric
- Intravenous
- Oral
- Rectal and vaginal
- Respiratory
Allows direct installation of medication into
the GI system of patients who can’t ingest the
drug orally
Gastric
the I.V. route allows injection of substances
(drugs, fluids, blood or blood products, and
diagnostic contrast agents) directly into
the bloodstream through a vein
* administration can range from a single dose
to an ongoing infusion delivered with great
precision
Intravenous
This is usually the safest, most convenient, and least
expensive route; drugs are administered to patients
who are conscious and can swallow
Oral
Suppositories, ointments, creams, gels, and
tablets may be instilled into the rectum or vagina
to treat local irritation or infection; some drugs
applied to the mucosa of the rectum or vagina can
be absorbed systemically
Rectal and Vaginal
Drugs that are available as gases can be
administered into the respiratory system;
drugs given by inhalation are rapidly absorbed,
and medications given by such devices as the
metered-dose inhaler can be self-administered,
or drugs can be administered directly into the
lungs through an endotracheal tube in
emergency situations
Respiratory
Drugs shaped spherical to be swallowed
pills
Powders compressed into disc-like
form
Tablets
Drugs mixed with a wax like base that melts at body temperature
Suppositories
Gelatin containers filled with powders or tiny pills
Capsules
Water or oil based
Solution
Prepared using alcohol extraction
process
Tincture
Preparations in which the solid does not dissolve in
the solvent
Suspensions
Drug Form
- Pills
- tablets
- Suppositories
- Capsule
- Solution
- Tinctures
- Suspension
- Emulsion
- Spirit
- Elixir
- Syrup
Suspensions with an oily substance in the solvent
Emulsions
Solution of a volatile drug in alcohol
Spirits
Alcohol and water solvent often with flavouring
Elixir
Sugar, water, and drug solutions
Syrups
deals with a drug’s actions as it moves through the body.
Pharmacokinetics
pharmacokinetics is also
concerned with
drug’s onset of action,
peak concentration level,
and duration of action
covers a drug’s progress
from the time it’s administered, through its
passage to the tissues, until it reaches
systemic circulation.
Absorption
On a cellular level, drugs are absorbed by
several means—primarily through…
active or
passive transport.
is the process by which the
drug is delivered from the systemic circulation
to body tissues and fluids.
DISTRIBUTION
Distribution of an
absorbed drug within the body depends on
several factors:
⚬ blood flow
⚬ solubility
⚬ protein binding
is the process by which the body changes a drug from its dosage form to a more water-soluble form that can then be excreted.
METABOLISM or biotransformation
Drugs can be
metabolized in several ways:
Active metabolites
Inactive Metabolites
refers to the elimination of
drugs from the body
EXCRETION
The study of the drug mechanisms that produce
biochemical or physiologic changes in the body.
PHARMACODYNAMICS
The use of drugs to treat disease.
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
can occur between
drugs or between drugs and foods.
They can interfere with the results of
a laboratory test or produce physical
or chemical incompatibilities. The
more drugs a patient receives, the
greater the chances that a drug
interaction will occur.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Potential drug interactions
include:
⚬ Additive effects
⚬ Potentiation
⚬ Antagonistic effects
⚬ Decreased or increased
absorption
When two drugs with similar effects are taken together, their combined effect is equal to the sum of their individual effects.
Additive effects
When one drug enhances the effect of another drug, making it more effective than if the second drug was taken alone.
Potentiation
When two drugs have opposite effects, and one drug reduces or cancels out the effect of the other.
Antagonistic effect
When the absorption of one drug is altered by another, leading to lower or higher levels of the drug in the bloodstream.
decrease or increase absorption
A drug’s desired effect is called
the expected therapeutic response
An adverse drug reaction is also called
side effector adverse effect
Needed immediately
STAT
Given only once
Single Order
Given as needed
PRN
Written in advance carried out under
specific circumstances
Standing order
