PAIN Flashcards
It is defined by the person experiencing it, and it
exists according to their own perception and
description
pain
It is whatever the patient says it is
pain
It is subjective in nature, only the person
experiencing it may describe it and highly
individualized
pain
A sensation of physical or mental hurt
or suffering that causes distress or
agony to one experiencing it.
pain
it provides
warning signal for tissue injury. It
helps minimize injury and is often a called what?
protective/protective mechanism
The alleviation of pain or a reduction
in pain to a level of comfort that is
acceptable to the client.
pain management
Effective pain management is an
important aspect of nursing care to
promote what?
healing
prevent complications
reduce suffering
prevent the development of incurable
pain states
theories of pain?
Pattern Theory
Specificity Theory
Gate Control Theory
Affect Theory
Parallel Processing
Model
It states that pain is
perceived whenever the
stimulus is intense enough
Pattern Theory
A theory maintaining that
the nerve impulse pattern
for pain is produced by
intense stimulation of non-
specific receptors
Pattern Theory
It states that there are
specific nerve receptors for
particular stimuli.
Specificity Theory
what is the nerve receptor for noxious stimuli?
nociceptors
what is the nerve receptor for heat or cold?
thermoceptor
what is the nerve receptor for pressure, pulling or tearing sensation?
mechanoceptor
what is the nerve receptor for chemicals?
chemoceptors
What theory conceptualizes that there is a gate in the spinal cord which can modulate pain signals?
Gate Control Theory
What is the gate in the spinal cord called, as conceptualized in pain modulation theories?
Substantia Gelatinosa Cells
What types of interventions can help explain why pain relief is achieved through the modulation of the spinal cord gate?
electrical and mechanical intervention
It avers that the pain
is emotional
Affect Theory
What theory explains that the intensity of perceived pain depends on the value of the organ affected to the individual?
Affect Theory
What model believes that the physiologic or neurologic deciphering of the pain sensation and the cognitive emotional properties occur along different nerve fibers?
Parallel Processing model
WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN?
TRANSDUCTION
TRANSMISSION
PERCEPTION
MODULATION
Thermal, chemical or
mechanical stimuli (Pain-
producing stimuli)
Transduction
Stimuli causes cellular damage
leading to a release of
neurotransmitters
Transmission
Person becomes aware of the
pain
Perception
determines the pain
intensity and location
Somatosensory cortex
mainly the limbic system
determines how the person perceives it
Association cortex
What term describes the behavioral and physiological response that occurs after an individual feels pain?
Reaction
Neuromodulators are released
the moment pain is perceived
by the brain
Modulation
Which type of nerve fibers deliver sensory impulses to the spinal cord, where they synapse with spinal motor neurons?
Delta A fiber
WHAT ARE THE NEUROTRANSMITTERS (EXCITATORY):
PROSTAGLANDINS
BRADYKININ
SUBSTANCE P
HISTAMINE
SEROTONIN
What substances, produced through the breakdown of phospholipids found in cellular membranes, are known to increase pain sensitivity?
PROSTAGLANDINS
What substance, released from plasma that escapes from neighboring blood vessels at the location of tissue damage, attaches to receptors on peripheral nerves, amplifying sensations of pain, and also attaches to cells initiating the cascade leading to the production of prostaglandins?
BRADYKININ
What substance, discovered within the pain neurons of the dorsal horn and acting as an excitatory peptide, is required for the transmission of pain signals from the periphery to higher centers in the brain, and also induces vasodilation and edema?
SUBSTANCE P
What substance, generated by mast cells, leads to capillary dilation and an increase in capillary permeability?
HISTAMINE
What neurotransmitter is released from both the brainstem and dorsal horn to suppress pain transmission?
SEROTONIN
WHAT ARE THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN?
NEUROREGULATORS AND NEUROMODULATORS
What are the naturally occurring sources of morphine-like substances within the body called?
Endorphins
What is the term for the pain relief that occurs when endorphins fasten to opiate receptors in the brain?
Induced anaglesia
As pain signals travel along the spinal cord towards the brainstem and thalamus, what system is activated by the stress response?
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Low to moderate intensity pain or
superficial pain?
trigger the fight to flight response
stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
Severe , deep, or continuous pain?
activate the parasympathetic nervous system
If pain is not treated, it can
profoundly alter the what?
alter the quality of life
Signs of pain: THAG
- Teeth clenching
- Holding the affected area
- Adopting a hunched posture
- Grimace
TYPES OF PAIN : LOCATION
SUPERFICIAL OR CUTANEOUS PAIN
DEEP or VISCERAL
REFERRED
RADIATING
What type of pain location from stimulation of the skin, has a short duration and is localized, is characterized by a sharp sensation, and includes examples such as small cuts and insect bites?
SUPERFICIAL OR CUTANEOUS PAIN
What type of pain location from stimulation of internal organs, spreads out and radiates in multiple directions, lasts longer than superficial pain, and can be sharp, dull, or distinct to the organ involved?
Deep or Visceral
Give me examples of Deep Visceral Pain: MAP
Myocardial Infarction
Appendicitis
Pancreatitis
crushing or
squeezing chest
pain?
myocardial infarction
severe
and persistent
abdominal pain?
Appendicitis
intense pain
in the upper abdomen?
Pancreatitis
What type of pain is perceived in non-affected regions, where pain is experienced in a body part separate from the actual source of pain and can take on various characteristics?
Referred pain
Give me examples of referred pain:
Angina
Kidney stones
chest
pain or discomfort
that may radiate to
the left arm or jaw?
Angina
pain
radiating from the lower
back to the groin area?
Kidney Stones
What type of pain involves the feeling of pain spreading from the original injury site to a different area of the body, with the sensation of pain moving or coursing along a specific body part, and can be intermittent or constant?
Radiating pain
Give me example of radiating pain?
SCIATICA
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
originates in the
lower back or
buttock and
radiates down the
back of the leg,
often caused by
compression or
irritation of the
sciatic nerve?
Sciatica
radiates
from one side of the head and
may extend to the forehead,
temples, or back of the head
Migraine Headache
TYPES OF PAIN: DURATION
ACUTE / TRANSIENT PAIN
CHRONIC / PERSISTENT NON-
CANCER PAIN
CHRONIC EPISODIC PAIN
What type of pain is protective, has a known cause, lasts for a short duration (less than 3 months), reduces tissue damage, eventually resolves once the affected area is healed (with or without medical intervention), but may progress to chronic pain if left untreated, and can result in extended hospital stays, susceptibility to complications due to immobility, and delayed healing?
Acute or Transient pain
Primary Nursing Goal:
Provide Pain relief
What type of pain is not protective, has no purpose, lasts longer than 6 months, is constant or recurring with mild to severe intensity, has no known cause, includes examples such as arthritis, low back pain, myofascial pain, headache, and peripheral neuropathy, is non-life-threatening, and is a major cause of psychological and physical disability affecting quality of life, with associated symptoms like fatigue, insomnia, anorexia, weight loss, apathy, hopelessness, and anger?
CHRONIC / PERSISTENT NON-
CANCER PAIN
What type of pain occurs sporadically over extended periods, may last for hours, days, or weeks, and includes examples such as migraine headaches and pain associated with sickle cell disease?
Chronic Episodic pain
TYPES OF PAIN: INTENSITY
by using a pain assessment scales
give me examples of pain assessment scale:
numerical rating scale
verbal rating scale
visual analog scale
faces scale
TYPES OF PAIN:
LOCATION
DURATION
INTENSITY
ETHIOLOGY/PATHOLOGY
TYPES OF PAIN:
ETIOLOGY / PATHOLOGY
CANCER PAIN
PAIN BY INFERRED PATHOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
What type of pain may be both nociceptive and/or neuropathic, occurs as a result of tumor progression and associated pathological processes, invasive procedures, side effects of treatments, infection, and restriction of physical abilities, and usually manifests late in the disease process?
Cancer pain
is experienced when an
intact, properly functioning nervous system
sends signals that tissues are damaged,
requiring attention and proper care.
Nociceptive Pain
arises
from the bone, joint, muscle, skin or
connective tissue; typically
characterized by a dull or pulsating
sensation and highly localized?
Somatic (musculoskeletal) Pain
originates from internal organs like
the gastrointestinal tract and
pancreas.
Visceral (internal organ) Pain
types of: Centrally Generated Pain
Differentiated pain
Sympathetically Maintained Pain
damage to either
the peripheral or central nervous system
Differentiated pain
impaired regulation of the autonomic
nervous system (ANS)
Sympathetically maintained Pain
what are the two type of generated pain?
Centrally Generated pain
Peripherally Generated Pain
Types of: Peripherally generated pain
Painful Mononeuropathies
Painful Polyneuropathies
pain experienced
throughout the course of multiple peripheral
nerves
Painful polyneuropathies
related with a
known peripheral nerve injury
Painful Mononeuropathies
Factors Affecting the Pain Experience: EDEPMA
Ethnic and Cultural Values
Developmental Stage
Environment and Support People
Previous Pain Experience
Meaning of pain
Anxiety
mnemonics for pain assessment : PQRST
provocation/palliation
quality/quantity
region/ radiation
severity scale
timing
TYPES OF RESPONSES TO PAIN
involuntary response
voluntary response
THREE STAGES OF PAIN
RESPONSE
Activation
Rebound
Adaptation
Is actual pain felt in a body part that is no longer
present
phantom pain
where non-painful stimuli (contact with
linen, water or wind) produce pain
Allodynia
denote a heightened response to a painful stimuli (severe
response to a paper cut)
hyperalgesia/hyperpathia
