IMMUNIZATION ( ms nat ) Flashcards
midterms
The body has many defense systems in place to keep it intact and to protect
from external stressors what are them? BVOTE
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Other foreign pathogens
- Trauma
- Exposure to extreme environment conditions
The body’s defenses includes: BCII
- Barrier Defenses
- Cellular Defenses
- Inflammatory Defenses
- Immune Response
Each of these defenses plays a major role in maintaining?
homeostasis and preventing disease
Certain anatomical barriers exist to prevent the entry of foreign pathogens
and to serve as important lines of defense in protecting the body.
barrier defense
Barrier Defense:
skin and
mucous membranes,
gastric acid, and the
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
is the first line of defense
skin
contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria
sebum
line the areas of the body that are exposed to
external influences but do not have the benefit of skin protection.
mucous membrane
Mucous membrane example:
Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
genitourinary tract
The stomach secretes acid in response to many stimuli. The acidity of the
stomach not only aids digestion but also destroys many would-be
pathogens that are either ingested or swallowed after removal from the
respiratory tract. Normal flora that live in this acidic environment also help
to destroy many of these ingested pathogens.
gastric acid
The body’s last barrier of defense is the ability to distinguish between
selfcells and foreign cells.
major histocompatibility complex
In humans, the genetic identification
code is carried on a ______ and is called the major
histocompatibility complex
chromosome
The MHC produces several proteins called
__________ _____, or _____ ______ _____
histocompatibility antigens, human leukocyte antigen
Any foreign pathogen that manages to get past the barrier defenses will
encounter the human inflammatory and immune systems, or the
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS).
Cellular Defense
Leukocyte:
WBC
Key component of the immune system and consists of T cells, be cells and natural killer
cells
Lymphocytes
2 types of leukocytes:
Lymphocyte
Myelocytes
Different cell types those are important in both the basic inflammatory response and the immune
response.
Myelocytes
Myelocytes include: NBEM
neutrophils,
basophils,
eosinophils, and
monocytes or macrophages
are polymorphonuclear leukocytes that are capable of moving outside of the
bloodstream (diapedesis) and engulfing and digesting foreign material (phagocytosis).
* When the body is injured or invaded by a pathogen, ____ are rapidly produced
and moved to the site of the insult to attack the foreign material
* Able to identify nonself-cells by use of MHC
Neutrophils
are myelocytic leukocytes that are not capable of phagocytosis.
* They contain chemical substances or mediators that are important for initiating and
maintaining an immune or inflammatory response. These substances include histamine,
heparin, and other chemicals used in the inflammatory response.
Basophils
are circulating myelocytic leukocytes.
* They are often found at the site of allergic reactions and may be responsible for
removing the proteins and active components of the immune reaction from the
site of an allergic response.
Eosinophils
are also called macrophages.
* They are mature leukocytes that are capable of phagocytizing an antigen.
* Macrophages help to remove foreign material from the body, including
pathogens, debris from dead cells, and necrotic tissue from injury sites, so that
the body can heal. They also can process antigens and present them to active
lymphocytes for destruction.
monocytes
Fixed basophils that do not circulate
* Can be found in respiratory and GI tracts and in the
skin
Mast cell
the local reaction of the body to
invasion or injury
inflammatory response
