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Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics > Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

Name the different drug forms (13)

A
  1. Aqueous preparation
  2. Alcoholic preparations
  3. Solid/ Semisolid preparation
  4. Powder
  5. Tablets
  6. Troches and Lozenges
  7. Capsules
  8. Delayed release products
  9. Enteric coated products
  10. Suppositories
  11. Ointments
  12. Transdermal products
  13. Parenteral injections
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2
Q

Name some routes of administration and it’s time of onset (I) (4pts) (15-60mins)

A

Rectal- 15-30 minutes
Vaginal- 15-30 minutes
Oral - 30-60 minutes
Transdermal- 30-60 minutes

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3
Q

Name some drug routes of administration 2 (5pts)

A

Sublingual- several minutes
Buccal- several minutes
Subcutaneous - several minutes
Intramuscular- several minutes
Intratecal- several minutes

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4
Q

Name some routes of drug administration (III) (3pts)

A

Intravenous- within 1 minute
Intraarterial- within 1 minute
Inhalation- within 1 minute

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5
Q

What are the indications for oral route medications

A

It is the safest and most convenient route, when possible

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6
Q

What are the indications for sublingual drugs?

A

When rapid effects are needed

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7
Q

What are the indications for Buccal drugs?

A

It is a convenient dosage form for most drugs

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8
Q

What are the indications for rectal drugs?

A

Used when patient cannot take oral drugs, when parenteral is not indicated, used for local effects

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9
Q

What are the indications for trans dermal drugs?

A

Convenient dosage form that provides continuous absorption, and systemic effects over many hours

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10
Q

What are the indications for subcutaneous drugs?

A

Used for drugs that are inactivated by the G.I. tract

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11
Q

What are the indications for intramuscular drugs?

A

Used for drugs that have poor absorption, used when high blood levels are required, used when rapid effects are desired

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12
Q

What are indications for intravenous drugs?

A

Used an emergency situations where immediate effects are required, used when medication is administered by infusion

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13
Q

What are the indications for intra-arterial drugs?

A

Used for local effects within an internal organ

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14
Q

What are the indications for intrathecal drugs?

A

Use for local effects within the spinal cord

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15
Q

What are the indications for drugs administered by inhalation?

A

For locally effects within the respiratory tract?

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16
Q

What are the indications for medication administered topically?

A

For local effects on the skin, eye and ear

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17
Q

What are the indications for medication administered vaginally

A

Local effects within the organ

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18
Q

Name the pharmacokinetic phases

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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19
Q

Describe absorption in the pharmacokinetic phase

A
  • This involves transport mechanisms example filtration, and active and passive transport
  • Absorption is determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and drug formulation
20
Q

Describe distribution in the pharmacokinetic phase

A

It involves plasma protein binding
Level of blood flow
Ability to cross the blood brain barrier

21
Q

Describe metabolism in the pharmacokinetic phase

A

Involves the drug microsomal metabolizing system where enzymes in the liver metabolize (break down) foreign substances

22
Q

Describe excretion in the pharmacokinetic phase

A

Involves the following systems:
Renal
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory

Also, involves sweat, saliva, lactation

23
Q

What are the clinical factors that determine drug intensity and response?

A

Half life
Blood drug levels
Bioavailability

24
Q

Describe a half life in terms of the intensity of drug response

A

The time it takes for blood concentration to drop to half its original level

25
Q

Describe blood drug levels in terms of the intensity of drug response

A

The intensity of a drug is determined by the concentration of drug in the blood

26
Q

Describe bioavailability in terms of the intensity of drug response

A

This is the percentage of drug absorbed into the bloodstream

27
Q

What are the factors of individual variation? (8pts)

A
  1. Age
  2. Weight
  3. Sex and percent body fat
  4. Genetic variation
  5. Emotional state
  6. Placebo effect
  7. Disease state
  8. Patient compliance
28
Q

What are the pharmacokinetic considerations for pediatrics?

A

-Drugs taken by the mother can pass to the fetus
- drugs can pass through breastmilk to infants
- pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic are different in pediatric and adult patients

29
Q

How does pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differ in the adult versus pediatric patients?

A
  • drug absorption differs
    Infants have small, skeletal muscle mass and have limited movement
  • distribution of drugs differ
    Infants have a higher percentage of body water, lower percentage of body fat
  • drug metabolization and excretion is slower in infants
30
Q

Name the FDA pregnancy categories

A

A
B
C
D
NR

31
Q

Describe the FDA pregnancy category A.

A

A- studies in pregnant woman have not yet shown risk to the fetus

32
Q

What is incompatibility?

A

Usually refers to physical altercations of drugs, before administration, when different drugs are mixed in the same syringe or other container

33
Q

What are additive effects?

A
  • When the combined effect of two drugs, is equal to the sum of each individual effect
  • These drugs produce the same biological response and use the same mechanism of action
34
Q

What is summation?

A

When the combined effect of two drugs, is equal to the sum of each individual effect

  • These drugs produce the same biological response but use a different mechanism of action
35
Q

What is synergism?

A

When the combined effects of two drugs is more than the sum of each individual effect

36
Q

What is antagonism?

A

When the combined effects of two drugs is less than the sum of each individual effect

37
Q

What is tolerance?

A

This is decreased drug effect with repeated administration

38
Q

Name two types of tolerance?

A

Metabolic tolerance
Pharmacodynamic tolerance

39
Q

What is dependence?

A
  • Where reliance on the drug becomes a vital to the well-being of the patient
  • can have a physical or psychological impact
  • leads to addiction action
40
Q

Describe the FDA pregnancy category B.

A

B- drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women; animal studies has shown no fetal risk

41
Q

Describe the FDA pregnancy category C.

A

C- Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to the fetus is unknown

42
Q

Describe the FDA pregnancy category D.

A

D- Drug studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus. The benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy

43
Q

Describe the FDA pregnancy category E.

A

E- drug studies reveal teratogenic risk in women and/or animals; risk clearly outweighs the benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy

44
Q

Describe the FDA pregnancy category NR.

A

NR- drug has not yet been rated by the FDA

45
Q

What is pharmacodynamic tolerance?

A

High concentrations of a substance constantly binding with the receptor, desensitizing it through constant interaction

46
Q

What is metabolic tolerance?

A

Metabolic tolerance occurs when the body becomes more efficient at eliminating the drug or alcohol as it is being used

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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