Pharmacokinetics Flashcards by Trysanne Bailey

Name the different drug forms (13)

Aqueous preparation
Alcoholic preparations
Solid/ Semisolid preparation
Powder
Tablets
Troches and Lozenges
Capsules
Delayed release products
Enteric coated products
Suppositories
Ointments
Transdermal products
Parenteral injections

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Name some routes of administration and it’s time of onset (I) (4pts) (15-60mins)

Rectal- 15-30 minutes
Vaginal- 15-30 minutes
Oral - 30-60 minutes
Transdermal- 30-60 minutes

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Name some drug routes of administration 2 (5pts)

Sublingual- several minutes
Buccal- several minutes
Subcutaneous - several minutes
Intramuscular- several minutes
Intratecal- several minutes

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Name some routes of drug administration (III) (3pts)

Intravenous- within 1 minute
Intraarterial- within 1 minute
Inhalation- within 1 minute

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What are the indications for oral route medications

It is the safest and most convenient route, when possible

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What are the indications for sublingual drugs?

When rapid effects are needed

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What are the indications for Buccal drugs?

It is a convenient dosage form for most drugs

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What are the indications for rectal drugs?

Used when patient cannot take oral drugs, when parenteral is not indicated, used for local effects

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What are the indications for trans dermal drugs?

Convenient dosage form that provides continuous absorption, and systemic effects over many hours

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What are the indications for subcutaneous drugs?

Used for drugs that are inactivated by the G.I. tract

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What are the indications for intramuscular drugs?

Used for drugs that have poor absorption, used when high blood levels are required, used when rapid effects are desired

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What are indications for intravenous drugs?

Used an emergency situations where immediate effects are required, used when medication is administered by infusion

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What are the indications for intra-arterial drugs?

Used for local effects within an internal organ

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What are the indications for intrathecal drugs?

Use for local effects within the spinal cord

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What are the indications for drugs administered by inhalation?

For locally effects within the respiratory tract?

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What are the indications for medication administered topically?

For local effects on the skin, eye and ear

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What are the indications for medication administered vaginally

Local effects within the organ

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Name the pharmacokinetic phases

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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Describe absorption in the pharmacokinetic phase

This involves transport mechanisms example filtration, and active and passive transport
Absorption is determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and drug formulation

Describe distribution in the pharmacokinetic phase

It involves plasma protein binding
Level of blood flow
Ability to cross the blood brain barrier

Describe metabolism in the pharmacokinetic phase

Involves the drug microsomal metabolizing system where enzymes in the liver metabolize (break down) foreign substances

Describe excretion in the pharmacokinetic phase

Involves the following systems:
Renal
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory

Also, involves sweat, saliva, lactation

What are the clinical factors that determine drug intensity and response?

Half life
Blood drug levels
Bioavailability

Describe a half life in terms of the intensity of drug response

The time it takes for blood concentration to drop to half its original level

Describe blood drug levels in terms of the intensity of drug response

The intensity of a drug is determined by the concentration of drug in the blood

Describe bioavailability in terms of the intensity of drug response

This is the percentage of drug absorbed into the bloodstream

What are the factors of individual variation? (8pts)

1. Age 2. Weight 3. Sex and percent body fat 4. Genetic variation 5. Emotional state 6. Placebo effect 7. Disease state 8. Patient compliance

What are the pharmacokinetic considerations for pediatrics?

-Drugs taken by the mother can pass to the fetus - drugs can pass through breastmilk to infants - pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic are different in pediatric and adult patients

How does pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differ in the adult versus pediatric patients?

- drug absorption differs Infants have small, skeletal muscle mass and have limited movement - distribution of drugs differ Infants have a higher percentage of body water, lower percentage of body fat - drug metabolization and excretion is slower in infants

Name the FDA pregnancy categories

A B C D NR

Describe the FDA pregnancy category A.

A- studies in pregnant woman have not yet shown risk to the fetus

What is incompatibility?

Usually refers to physical altercations of drugs, before administration, when different drugs are mixed in the same syringe or other container

What are additive effects?

- When the combined effect of two drugs, is equal to the sum of each individual effect - These drugs produce the same biological response and use the same mechanism of action

What is summation?

When the combined effect of two drugs, is equal to the sum of each individual effect - These drugs produce the same biological response but use a different mechanism of action

What is synergism?

When the combined effects of two drugs is more than the sum of each individual effect

What is antagonism?

When the combined effects of two drugs is less than the sum of each individual effect

What is tolerance?

This is decreased drug effect with repeated administration

Name two types of tolerance?

Metabolic tolerance Pharmacodynamic tolerance

What is dependence?

- Where reliance on the drug becomes a vital to the well-being of the patient - can have a physical or psychological impact - leads to addiction action

Describe the FDA pregnancy category B.

B- drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women; animal studies has shown no fetal risk

Describe the FDA pregnancy category C.

C- Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to the fetus is unknown

Describe the FDA pregnancy category D.

D- Drug studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus. The benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy

Describe the FDA pregnancy category E.

E- drug studies reveal teratogenic risk in women and/or animals; risk clearly outweighs the benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy

Describe the FDA pregnancy category NR.

NR- drug has not yet been rated by the FDA

What is pharmacodynamic tolerance?

High concentrations of a substance constantly binding with the receptor, desensitizing it through constant interaction

What is metabolic tolerance?

Metabolic tolerance occurs when the body becomes more efficient at eliminating the drug or alcohol as it is being used