Opiod Analgesics Flashcards
What is nociceptive pain?
Pain caused by damage to body tissue
What are the receptors for nociceptive pain called?
Nociceptors
What are the three types of nociceptive pain?
- Superficial Somatic
- Deep somatic
- Visceral
What are nociceptors?
Branching ends of sensory neurons found in the PNS
They respond to damage in the body by transmitting painful stimulus to 2nd order neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Signal carried through spinothalamic tract to the thalamus, then to somatosensory cortex where pain is perceived.
Name 2 types of pain management
Opiod analgesic
Non opiod analgesic
Name some indications of opiod analgesics
Analgesia, sedation, cough, diarrhea suppression
What are opioids mainly used to treat?
Pain associated with medical procedures
Pain due to trauma or cancer
Visceral pain
Name some sources of opioids
Naturally occurring opiates
Morphine, codeine
Synthetic chemicals: fentanyl
Name some opiod drugs
Hydrocodone
Hydromorphone
Oxycodone
Oxymorphone
What are centrally acting analgesics?
These act in the CNS and peripheral pain mediators without changing consciousness
What are endogenous opioid peptides
These are peptides that bind to opiate receptors in the CNS
Give some examples of endogenous opioid peptides
Nociceptin, endorphin, enkephalin, dinorphin
Name some opioid receptors
Mu- Mu1 and Mu2
Kappa
Delta
What are opioid receptor agonists?
The bind to opioid receptors, and mimic the effects of the endogenous opioid peptides
Name some features of opioid receptor agonists
The band to Mu and Kappa receptors
Inhibit neurotransmitter release and nociceptor signals
Reduce nerve excitability and alter pain perception
What are pure (Mu) agonists?
The most effective treatment for moderate to severe, acute and chronic pain
They bind to Mu receptors and produce a full (or more powerful) response
Name some examples of pure Mu agonists
Morphine
Heroin
Oxycodone
Fentanyl
Name some functions of endogenous peptides
Modify, pain, perception, and mood
Regulate cardiovascular respiratory and endocrine function
What are some side effects of endogenous peptides?
Sedation
Euphoria
Dysphoria
Miosis
Constipation
Urinary retention
Respiratory depression
Describe nonanalgesic effects on the cardiovascular system, and the CNS
Cardiovascular
- Opioids do not depress cardiac function
- help relieve pain during heart attack
-bradycardia and hypotension may occur
CNS
Mood
Nausea and vomiting
What are the non-analgesic opiod effects on smooth muscles and the bile duct?
Smooth muscles
- G.I. tract
- Intermittent, muscle spasms or contractions
- constipation
Bile duct
- Increased pressure in the gall bladder
What are the non-analgesic opioid effects on bronchial tissue and the antidiuretic effects?
Bronchial tissue
-Spasmogenic action on bronchial, smooth muscle
- Constriction of bronchioles
Antidiuretic effect
- Decrease urination and urine formation
