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Anti Diabetic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Which organ produces insulin?

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

Describe the 2 types of functions of the pancreas

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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3
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

It produces digestive enzymes:
Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase

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4
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

It produces hormones: insulin

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5
Q

Name the two groups of cells in the pancreas

A

Acinal cells:
-bulk of the pancreatic cells and produces digestive enzymes

Islets of Langerhen:
-consists of alpha, beta cells, delta cells
-produce insulin

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6
Q

Which cells of the pancreas produce insulin

A

Beta cells

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7
Q

Where are beta cells located in the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhen

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8
Q

What hormones do beta cells produce?

A

Insulin and Amylin

Pro-insulin, C-peptide

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9
Q

What hormone does alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

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10
Q

What hormone does delta cells produce?

A

Somatostatin

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11
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas

Onset about 2yrs old

Total destruction of islet of langerhen cells: no glucagon, amylin, insulin production

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12
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Diabetes where a person has Insulin resistance.

Caused by poor eating habits and lack of exercise. Could be corrected with lifestyle changes

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13
Q

What is eclampsia?

A

Pregnancy induced diabetes, that results in high blood pressure

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14
Q

What is LADA?

A

Late Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults

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15
Q

What is MODY?

A

Mature Onset of Diabetes in Young People

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16
Q

Name the 2 groups of drugs used to treat diabetes

A
  1. Insulins
  2. Oral hypoglycemias/ Oral anti hyperglycemias
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17
Q

Machine used to check blood sugar is?

A

Glucometer

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18
Q

What is the normal BS range for a normal person

A

60-70 low end

110- 130 high end

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19
Q

What is the fasting BS range for a person with diabetes or likely has diabetes?

A

Consistently 200 or above- diabetes

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20
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Insulin causes glucose uptake into cells for use.

Causes glycogenesis, causes liver to use excess glucose and synthesize glycogen, and store it

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21
Q

What are the types of insulin?

A
  1. Rapid Acting
  2. Slow Acting
  3. Intermediate Acting
  4. Long acting
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22
Q

Name the main rapid acting insulins

A
  1. Lispro (Humalog)
  2. Aspart (Novolog)
  3. Glulisine (Apidra)
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23
Q

What is the peak (ceiling effect) and duration of the rapid acting drugs?

A

Peak- 1 to 1 and a half hours
Duration- 3-4 hrs

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24
Q

Name the slow acting insulin?

A

Regular

Humalin (R)
Novolin (R)

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25
What is the peak (ceiling effect) and duration of the slow acting drugs?
Peak- 2-5 hours Duration- 4-6 hours
26
What is the intermediate acting insulin?
NPH- Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Novolin (N) Humalin (N)
27
What is the peak (ceiling effect) and duration of the intermediate acting drugs?
Peak - 8 hrs Duration- 10-16hrs
28
Name the long acting insulins
Glargine Detenir
29
What is the peak (ceiling effect) and duration of the long acting drugs?
24hrs
30
Main function of insulin?
Glycogenesis Glucose uptake
31
Name some classes of Type 2 diabetes drugs
1. Biguanine 2. Sulfonylureas 3. Meglitidines 4. DPP-4- inhibitors 5. 6. GLP-1 Agonists 7. SGLT-2 8. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors 9. Thiazolizidedions 10. Amylin analogs
32
Sulfonylureas and Meglitidines are classified as?
Secretagogues
33
What is the mechanism of action of biguanine?
Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis (stops liver from producing glucose from substrates) Buildup of substrate lactic acid for eg. causing metabolic acidosis
34
What is an example of a drug under the class Biguanine?
Metformin
35
What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas
- Block, K+channels - Stop action potential that opens Potassium channels which enables Calcium to enter the cell and bind to the vesicle to release insulin
36
What are some examples of drugs under the class sulfonylureas?
Glymepinide Glypizide Glyburide
37
What is the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors
Inhibits GLP-1 There is: Less insulin More glucagon
38
What is GLP-1
Glucagon like peptide 1, hormone that promotes release of insulin and inhibits glucagon
39
What are some examples of drugs that are under the class DPP-4 Inhibitors
Linagliptin Saxagliptin Sitagliptin
40
What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 Agonist?
Potentiate GLP- 1 action - more release of insulin - less glucagon release
41
What are some examples of drugs under the class GLP-1 Agonist?
Exenatide Lipaglutide
42
Mnemonic for DPP-4-Inhibitors
“Liptin” makes you PP 4 more times
43
Mnemonic for GLP-1 Agonist
GLP down “tide” pods
44
What is the mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors
Block sodium glucose transport channels in the proximal convoluted tubules Reduces reabsorption of urine
45
What are some examples of drugs that are SGLT-2 inhibitors?
Canagliflozin Dopagliflozin Empagliflozin
46
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
Inhibits glucose absorption in the intestine Stops the function of alpha glucosidase
47
What is an example of alpha glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose
48
Mnemonic for SGLT-2 inhibitors
“FLOZIN” urine
49
Mnemonic for alpha glucosidase inhibitors
“A” Carb——> Acarbose No carbohydrates
50
What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinedions
Increase his insulin sensitivity been acting on adipose and muscle tissue Increases glucose utilization, decreases production
51
What are two examples of drugs under the class thiazolizidedions
Rosiglitazone Pioglitazone
52
Mnemonics for Thiazolizidedions
Bring “glitter” to the “PPParrty”
53
What is the mechanism of action for amylin analogs ?
Mimic amylin hormone to give the effect of satiety
54
What are incretins?
Stimulate and increase insulin secretion
55
What are the clinical indications for insulin?
Hypoglycemia Hypokalemia Diabetic coma Ketoacidosis
56
What are the sources of insulin?
- Originally beef or pork - Now recombinant DNA
57
When is insulin usually administered and via what medium?
Usually administered 15-30mins before meals Long acting insulins once daily Administered in a specifically calibrated syringe or insulin pen
58
What can cause a change in the amount of insulin dosage?
- cold, fever, stress increases glucose levels which causes increase in insulin dose - Heavy exercise can lower insulin dose - drugs - allergic reactions cause need to change type of insulin
59
Some adverse effects of insulin are?
Blurred vision Hypoglycemia Hunger Headache Fatigue Anxiety
60
Name some parenteral drugs used to treat Diabetes
Insulins, amylin analogs, incretin memetics
61
Name some oral drugs used to treat diabetes
Secretagogues, glucose absorption inhibitors, Biguanides, insulin sensitizers, peptidase inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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