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Pharmacology > Anti Diabetic Drugs > Flashcards

Anti Diabetic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Which organ produces insulin?

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

Describe the 2 types of functions of the pancreas

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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3
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

It produces digestive enzymes:
Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase

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4
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

It produces hormones: insulin

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5
Q

Name the two groups of cells in the pancreas

A

Acinal cells:
-bulk of the pancreatic cells and produces digestive enzymes

Islets of Langerhen:
-consists of alpha, beta cells, delta cells
-produce insulin

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6
Q

Which cells of the pancreas produce insulin

A

Beta cells

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7
Q

Where are beta cells located in the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhen

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8
Q

What hormones do beta cells produce?

A

Insulin and Amylin

Pro-insulin, C-peptide

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9
Q

What hormone does alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

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10
Q

What hormone does delta cells produce?

A

Somatostatin

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11
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas

Onset about 2yrs old

Total destruction of islet of langerhen cells: no glucagon, amylin, insulin production

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12
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Diabetes where a person has Insulin resistance.

Caused by poor eating habits and lack of exercise. Could be corrected with lifestyle changes

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13
Q

What is eclampsia?

A

Pregnancy induced diabetes, that results in high blood pressure

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14
Q

What is LADA?

A

Late Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults

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15
Q

What is MODY?

A

Mature Onset of Diabetes in Young People

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16
Q

Name the 2 groups of drugs used to treat diabetes

A
  1. Insulins
  2. Oral hypoglycemias/ Oral anti hyperglycemias
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17
Q

Machine used to check blood sugar is?

A

Glucometer

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18
Q

What is the normal BS range for a normal person

A

60-70 low end

110- 130 high end

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19
Q

What is the fasting BS range for a person with diabetes or likely has diabetes?

A

Consistently 200 or above- diabetes

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20
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Insulin causes glucose uptake into cells for use.

Causes glycogenesis, causes liver to use excess glucose and synthesize glycogen, and store it

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21
Q

What are the types of insulin?

A
  1. Rapid Acting
  2. Slow Acting
  3. Intermediate Acting
  4. Long acting
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22
Q

Name the main rapid acting insulins

A
  1. Lispro (Humalog)
  2. Aspart (Novolog)
  3. Glulisine (Apidra)
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23
Q

What is the peak (ceiling effect) and duration of the rapid acting drugs?

A

Peak- 1 to 1 and a half hours
Duration- 3-4 hrs

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24
Q

Name the slow acting insulin?

A

Regular

Humalin (R)
Novolin (R)

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25
Q

What is the peak (ceiling effect) and duration of the slow acting drugs?

A

Peak- 2-5 hours
Duration- 4-6 hours

26
Q

What is the intermediate acting insulin?

A

NPH- Neutral Protamine Hagedorn

Novolin (N)
Humalin (N)

27
Q

What is the peak (ceiling effect) and duration of the intermediate acting drugs?

A

Peak - 8 hrs
Duration- 10-16hrs

28
Q

Name the long acting insulins

A

Glargine
Detenir

29
Q

What is the peak (ceiling effect) and duration of the long acting drugs?

A

24hrs

30
Q

Main function of insulin?

A

Glycogenesis
Glucose uptake

31
Q

Name some classes of Type 2 diabetes drugs

A
  1. Biguanine
  2. Sulfonylureas
  3. Meglitidines
  4. DPP-4- inhibitors
  6. GLP-1 Agonists
  7. SGLT-2
  8. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
  9. Thiazolizidedions
  10. Amylin analogs
32
Q

Sulfonylureas and Meglitidines are classified as?

A

Secretagogues

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of biguanine?

A

Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
(stops liver from producing glucose from substrates)

Buildup of substrate lactic acid for eg. causing metabolic acidosis

34
Q

What is an example of a drug under the class Biguanine?

A

Metformin

35
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas

A
  • Block, K+channels
  • Stop action potential that opens Potassium channels which enables Calcium to enter the cell and bind to the vesicle to release insulin
36
Q

What are some examples of drugs under the class sulfonylureas?

A

Glymepinide
Glypizide
Glyburide

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors

A

Inhibits GLP-1

There is:
Less insulin
More glucagon

38
Q

What is GLP-1

A

Glucagon like peptide 1, hormone that promotes release of insulin and inhibits glucagon

39
Q

What are some examples of drugs that are under the class DPP-4 Inhibitors

A

Linagliptin
Saxagliptin
Sitagliptin

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 Agonist?

A

Potentiate GLP- 1 action

  • more release of insulin
  • less glucagon release
41
Q

What are some examples of drugs under the class GLP-1 Agonist?

A

Exenatide
Lipaglutide

42
Q

Mnemonic for DPP-4-Inhibitors

A

“Liptin” makes you
PP
4 more times

43
Q

Mnemonic for GLP-1 Agonist

A

GLP down “tide” pods

44
Q

What is the mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

Block sodium glucose transport channels in the proximal convoluted tubules

Reduces reabsorption of urine

45
Q

What are some examples of drugs that are SGLT-2 inhibitors?

A

Canagliflozin
Dopagliflozin
Empagliflozin

46
Q

Alpha glucosidase inhibitors

A

Inhibits glucose absorption in the intestine

Stops the function of alpha glucosidase

47
Q

What is an example of alpha glucosidase inhibitors

A

Acarbose

48
Q

Mnemonic for SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

“FLOZIN” urine

49
Q

Mnemonic for alpha glucosidase inhibitors

A

“A” Carb——> Acarbose

No carbohydrates

50
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinedions

A

Increase his insulin sensitivity been acting on adipose and muscle tissue

Increases glucose utilization, decreases production

51
Q

What are two examples of drugs under the class thiazolizidedions

A

Rosiglitazone
Pioglitazone

52
Q

Mnemonics for Thiazolizidedions

A

Bring “glitter” to the “PPParrty”

53
Q

What is the mechanism of action for amylin analogs ?

A

Mimic amylin hormone to give the effect of satiety

54
Q

What are incretins?

A

Stimulate and increase insulin secretion

55
Q

What are the clinical indications for insulin?

A

Hypoglycemia
Hypokalemia
Diabetic coma
Ketoacidosis

56
Q

What are the sources of insulin?

A
  • Originally beef or pork
  • Now recombinant DNA
57
Q

When is insulin usually administered and via what medium?

A

Usually administered 15-30mins before meals

Long acting insulins once daily

Administered in a specifically calibrated syringe or insulin pen

58
Q

What can cause a change in the amount of insulin dosage?

A
  • cold, fever, stress increases glucose levels which causes increase in insulin dose
  • Heavy exercise can lower insulin dose
  • drugs
  • allergic reactions cause need to change type of insulin
59
Q

Some adverse effects of insulin are?

A

Blurred vision
Hypoglycemia
Hunger
Headache
Fatigue
Anxiety

60
Q

Name some parenteral drugs used to treat Diabetes

A

Insulins, amylin analogs, incretin memetics

61
Q

Name some oral drugs used to treat diabetes

A

Secretagogues, glucose absorption inhibitors, Biguanides, insulin sensitizers, peptidase inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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