Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

What makes a ligand receptor reaction specific

Answer 1

• Structure
• chemical
• solubility
• function of receptor

Question 2

Name the types of drug receptors

Answer 2

• ligand gated
• voltage gated
• g-protein coupled
• IC nuclear

Question 3

What effects prevent overstimulation of drug on rec.

Answer 3

• Tachyphylaxis
• Desensibilisation
• Inactivation
• Down-regulation
• Refractory

Question 4

What is tachyphylaxis

Answer 4

repeated admin. causes decr. effect

Question 5

What does a lower Kd mean

Answer 5

• tighter drug-rec. interaction

- higher affinity

Question 6

What is the dissociation constant

Answer 6

-concentration of ligand at which 50% of the available receptors are occupied

Question 7

Def. of Efficacy

Answer 7

The max. effect a drug can produce regardless of dose

Question 8

Def. of potency

Answer 8

amount of drug needed to prod. a certain effect

Question 9

Antagonists cause effect even when they’re not bound t/f

Answer 9

f

Question 10

How can a non-receptor antagonist act

Answer 10

• chemical antagonist can inactivate the agonist before it can bind
• physiological antagonist causes physiologic effect which is opposite to effect of agonist

Question 11

Which effect does a competitive antagonist have on the potency and efficacy of the agonist

Answer 11

reduced potency but efficacy remains the same

Question 12

Which effect does a non-competitive antagonist have on the potency and efficacy of the agonist

Answer 12

reduced efficacy

Question 13

What is the relationship between the cc and the organsims response to a drug

Answer 13

response to drug is proportional to cc of recptors bound by it

Question 14

Name the 2 types of dose-response relationships

Answer 14

graded and quantal

Question 15

What are the possible reasons for a drug to be toxic

Answer 15

• genetic predisposition
• nonselective action
• inappropriate use or administration of the drug

Question 16

name the types of adverse effects

Answer 16

• on target
• off target
• toxic metabolites
• prod. of harmful immune response

Question 17

What could be possible on target adverse effects

Answer 17

• intended tissue intended receptor BUT
  
  • inapropriate cc
  • suboptimal kinetics

Question 18

What can toxic metabolites cause

Answer 18

• lipid peroxidation - cell membrane damage
• prod. of reactive oxygen species
• depletion of glutathione - can result in cell death

Question 19

What does the size of a drug matter in regards to immunoreactivity

Answer 19

• a drug molecule large enough can activate the immunesystem directly

Question 20

Which general types of immune reactions are there

Answer 20

• hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)

- autoimmune reactions

Question 21

Name the types of hypersensitivity

Answer 21

1 - immediate hypersensitvity
2 - antibody dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity
3 - immune complex mediated hypersens.
4 - delayed type hypersensitivity

Question 22

describe type 1 of the hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 22

• IgE prod. after exposure to AG
• subsequent exposure to AG leads to mast-cell degranulation
• release of inflammatory mediators - bronchoconst., vasodilatation, inflammation

Question 23

describe type 2 of the hypersens. reactions

Answer 23

• drug binds to cells and is recognized by an AB

- lysis of cell

Question 24

describe type 3 of hypersens. reaction

Answer 24

• ab are formed against soluble ag

- ag-ab complexes are then deposited in tissues

Question 25

describe type 4 hypersens. reactions

Answer 25

• first exposure doesn’t prod. response
• subsequent exposure triggers langerhans cells which activate t-cells
• cytokine storm

Question 26

Prior exposure is required for each of the four hypersens types t/f

Answer 26

t