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Pharmacology > CNS & Drugs > Flashcards

CNS & Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Generaly describe communication between nerves and synapses

A 
gap junctions
-vesicles store neurotransmiter 
-build up of Ca causes release
-bind on on receptors to create stimulus
are either degraded or reuptake occurs
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2
Q

How can neurotransmitter imitators create a response

A

they must mimic the efect of the neurotransmitter

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3
Q

How can sensitivity of neurons be influenced

A

up/down regulation

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4
Q

how do agonsits influence neuron sens.

A

down regulation

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5
Q

how do antagonists influence neuron sens.

A

up regulation

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6
Q

Name the excitatory AA of the CNS

A
  • GLU

- ASP

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7
Q

name the inhibitory AA

A
  • GLY

- GABA

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8
Q

Which Monoamines act in the CNS

A
  • NE
  • E
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
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9
Q

Which Neuropeptides act in the CNS

A
  • Encephalin

- Endorphins

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10
Q

What does Encephalin cause

A

Resp./circulatory depression

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11
Q

What do Endorphins cause

A

Euphoria

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12
Q

Which ion do GABAa rec. bind

A

Cl-

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13
Q

Which types of GABA rec. are there

A
  • A

- B

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14
Q

What kind of receptor is the GABAb rec.

A

G-protein

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15
Q

Name the drug categories that depress the CNS in some way

A
  • Sedatives
  • Hypnosedatives
  • Anti-convulsants
  • Analgesics
  • General anesthetics
  • local anesthetics
  • Muscle relaxants
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16
Q

How can Tranquillizers/Sedatives be categorized?

A
  • Phenothiazine derivatives

- Butyrophenones

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17
Q

Name the Phenothiazine derivatives

A
  • Acepromazine
  • Propriopromazine
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Prometazine
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18
Q

Butyrophenones - name them!

A
  • Azaperone
  • Droperidol
  • Haloperidol
  • Fluanisone
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19
Q

Name the Tranquillizers/Sedatives

A
  • Acepromazine
  • Propriopromazine
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Prometazine
  • Azaperone
  • Droperidol
  • Haloperidol
  • Fluanisone
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20
Q

Which effect do Phenothiazineshave on rec.

A

All antagonistic

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21
Q

All Phenothiazines act as antagonists on the rec. t/f

A

t

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22
Q

Name all the rec. the Phenothiazine derivates act on

A
  • Dopaminergic
  • alpha adrenorec.
  • H1 rec.
  • Serotonin
  • Muscarinic
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23
Q

What do phenothiazines cause on dopaminergic receptors

A

anti-emetic, anti-psychoitc

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24
Q

pharmalogical effects of phenothiazines

A
  • potentiates sedative, hypnotic effect
  • central anti emetic effect
  • peripheral anti histamine effect
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25
Q

Indications of phenothiazines

A
  • calming and sedation
  • muscle relaxation
  • premed. before analgesia
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26
Q

Phenothiazine have a very fast onset t/f

A

f

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27
Q

Describe the pharmacokinetics of the phenothiaznes

A
  • slow onset
  • penetrate mucosa
  • dose independent
  • slowly eliminated
  • usually tolerated well
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28
Q

Name the SE of Phenothiazines

A
  • hypotension
  • bradycardia
  • paradox reac. in EQ
  • Bulldogs and Boxers are sensitive
  • tissue irritation
  • epilepsy
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29
Q

Which Phenothiazine dreivative has the most frequent SE

A

Chlorpromazine

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30
Q

Which of the Phenothiazine derivatives has good oral bioav.

A

Acepromazine

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31
Q

Name the Phenothiazine derivatives

A
  • Acepromazine
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Propriopromazine
  • Prometazine
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32
Q

What is an important effect of Prometazine

A

-incr. anti-histamine and anti-serotonin effect

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33
Q

Butyrophenones are generally les effective than Phenothiazines t/f

A

f

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34
Q

Butyrophenones compare how to Phenothiazines

A

more potent

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35
Q

Name the receptor interaction with butyrophenones

A
  • Dopamine inhibition
  • DE inhibition
  • anti - cholinergic effect
  • H1 antagonist
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36
Q

Name the Butyrophenones

A
  • Azaperone
  • Droperidol
  • Haloperidol
  • Fluanisone
37
Q

What’s Azaperone used for

A
  • sedation of Swine

- causes penile prolapse in boar

38
Q

Dose of Azaperone

A

-1-2mg/kgbw

39
Q

Name the sedative hypnotic alpha 2 agonists

A
  • Xylazine
  • Medetomidine
  • Romifidine
  • Detomidine
  • Dexmedetomidine
40
Q

Name the Benzodiazepines

A
  • Diazepam
  • Zolazepam
  • Clonazepam
  • Midazolam
  • Clorazepate
41
Q

Name the long actin barbiturate

A

Phenobarbital

42
Q

What are the effects of the alpha 2 agonists

A
  • sedative
  • anxiolytic
  • hypnotic
  • muscle relaxants
  • anticonvulsive
43
Q

How much does dose affect the effect of alpha 2 agonists

A

very much

44
Q

Which rec. do the alpha2 agonists act on

A

alpha 2 (and 1)

45
Q

Explain the presynaptic effect of alpha 2 agonists on alpha 2 rec.

A
  • analgesia and sedation
  • bradycardia
  • hypotension
  • stops release of NE
46
Q

postsynaptic effect of alpha 2 agonists

A

vasoconst., brief hypertension

47
Q

Name the SE of alpha 2 agonists

A
  • av block
  • bradycardia
  • vasoconst.
  • hypotension
  • hyperglyc.
  • hypopnea
  • polyuria
  • emesis (only sa)
  • tympanism (only la)
  • convulsions
48
Q

Generally explain the pharmacokinetics of alpha 2 agonists

A
  • fast absorption
  • good distribution
  • transport via plasma proteins
  • sedative effect immediate-2 min via IV
  • Sedative effect in a few min. if IM
  • met. via liver
  • elimination via urine
49
Q

Duration of effect of Xylazine

A

30min - 1 h

50
Q

Sedative effect duration of Detomidine

A

1-6h

51
Q

sedative effect duration of Medetomidine

A

45min - 1h

52
Q

Name SE specific to Xylazine

A
  • sweating in EQ (Detomidine aswell)

- Typmany in RU

53
Q

IV dose of Xylazine in Eq

A

0,5-1mg/kg

54
Q

IM dose of Xylazin ein Eq

A

2-3 mg/kg

55
Q

IM dose of Xylazine in RU

A

0,05-0,2 mg/kg

56
Q

IM dose of Xylazien in Sa

A

Ca: 1-2mg/kg
Fe: 3mg/kg

57
Q

Compare Detomidine to Xylazine

A
  • more potent

- higher efficacy

58
Q

Generally describe Detomidine

A

-often used in large animals
-no loss of consc.
duration of action is dose dependent

59
Q

Name the SE of Detomidine

A
  • transient hypertension then hypotension
  • bradycard.
  • diuresis
  • hypothermia
  • sweating
60
Q

general dosage for Detomidine

A

10-80 microg./kg IM, IV, PO

61
Q

Medetomidien/Dexmedetomidine is safer than Xylazine as it has less cardiac effect t/f

A

t

62
Q

Medetomidien/Dexmedetomidine used as a spinal cord anesthetic in Ho t/f

A

t

63
Q

Duration of sedation for Medetomidien/Dexmedetomidine

A

1-3 h

64
Q

Duration of analgesia for Medetomidien/Dexmedetomidine

A

5-15min

65
Q

Which alpha2 antagonist is the most competitive against the agonists

A

Atipamezole

66
Q

Name the alpha 2 antagonists

A

yohimbine

atipamezole

67
Q

Name the SE of Atipamezole

A
  • tachycardia
  • transient hypotension
  • hypothermia
  • tremors
68
Q

Name some Benzodiazepines

A

Diazepam
midazolam
zodazepam

69
Q

Generally describe the benzodiazepines

A
  • used in Ho
  • amplify the inhib. effects of GABA
  • benzodiazepines found throughout CNS and muscle
  • cause sedation
  • anxiolytic
  • anticonvulsant
  • muscle relaxant
70
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Diazepam

A
  • good abs. p.o.
  • binds to plasma proteins
  • excreted via kidney
  • long onset of action IM as it precipitates through the muscles
  • IV/p.o. fast onset of action
71
Q

Diazepam is being used as premed. in anesthesia t/f

A

t

72
Q

SE of diazepam

A
  • young foals, kittens - paradox reaction
  • at parturition in high doses it can cause asphyxia and apnoea
  • liver toxic in cats
73
Q

Dosage of Diazepam for premed

A
  • 0,2 mg/kg
74
Q

Dosage of Diazepam for sedation

A
  • 1-1,5 mg/kg p.o.
75
Q

Compare Midazolam to diazepam

A
  • shorter effect and less sedation
76
Q

how do the tranqulizers compare to the hypnosedatives in regards to consciousness

A

T: normal wakefulness
HS: depressed

77
Q

how do the tranqulizers compare to the hypnosedatives in regards to response of patient

A

T: weak
HS: good

78
Q

how do the tranqulizers compare to the hypnosedatives in regards to a potential overdose

A

T: immobilty
HS: loss of consciousness

79
Q

how do the tranqulizers compare to the hypnosedatives in regards to safety

A

T:good
HS: Resp. depr.

80
Q

how do the tranqulizers compare to the hypnosedatives in regards to being used as anticonvulsants

A

T: contraind.
HS: good

81
Q

how do the tranqulizers compare to the hypnosedatives in regards to analgesic activity

A

both are poor

82
Q

How are the Barbiturates categorized

A

-ultrashort, short, mid-long, long acting

83
Q

Which Barbiturates are used for euthanasia

A

-short acting - Pentobarbital

84
Q

Which Barbiturates are used for sedation

A

-Phenobarbital - long, med.long acting

85
Q

Which Barbiturates are used for Anesthesia

A

-ultra short acting - Thiopental, Methohexital

86
Q

Effects of Barbiturates

A
  • sedation
  • hypnosis
  • anti epilepsy
  • tetany in eq
87
Q

Dosage of Barbiturates in SA

A

-1,5 - 5mg/kg b.i.d. p.o.

88
Q

Dosage of barbiturates for eq

A
  • 12 mg/kg then 6 mg/kg b.i.d. to maintain
89
Q

SE of barbiturates

A
  • o.d - lower resp. rate

- cv shock (rare) - if oversensitive

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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