pharmaceutical products and drug action

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

a substance that alters the physiological, sensory and emotional state of the human body (a chemical that affects the way the body works)

Question 2

Medicine

Answer 2

a substance that improves health (beneficial drug)

Question 3

Therapeutic effect

Answer 3

beneficial effect of a medicine/intended physiological effect

Question 4

Placebo effect

Answer 4

when patients gain therapeutic effect from their belief that they have been given a useful drug even why they have not

Question 5

Placebo

Answer 5

drugs containing no active ingredients which ‘fool’ the body into having therapeutic effect

Question 6

Drug administration

Answer 6

the manner in which drugs are delivered to a patients body

Question 7

Subcutaneous

Answer 7

directly under skin surface (fat)

Question 8

Intravenous

Answer 8

directly into blood stream

Question 9

Intramuscular

Answer 9

directly into muscle

Question 10

Side effect

Answer 10

unintended physiological effect that ranges from person to person

Question 11

Dosing regime

Answer 11

the amount of drug used for each dose and frequency of administrations relative to a patients state

Question 12

Therapeutic window

Answer 12

range of doses between minimum amount of drug that produces desired effect and medically unacceptable adverse effect

Question 13

tolerance

Answer 13

reduced response to the drug due to repeated dosage, therefore larger quantities of drug needed for effect

Question 14

lead compounds

Answer 14

compounds with biological activity with low levels of activity and possibly side effects used as a basis for drug design and development

Question 15

analouges

Answer 15

chemically related compounds that are made and tested

Question 16

effective dose

Answer 16

required dose to bring about effect in 50% of patients

Question 17

lethal dose

Answer 17

dose required to kill 50% of patients (IN HUMANS TD; toxic dose is used)

Question 18

bioavailability

Answer 18

fraction of administred drug that raches the target molecule in the body

Question 19

analgesic

Answer 19

pain killer

Question 20

antibiotics

Answer 20

chemically produced by microorganis, to have action against other microorganism

Question 21

antacid

Answer 21

regulates stomach acidity with a weak base

Question 22

opiate

Answer 22

strong analgesic that kills pain by preventing pain impulse transmission in brain rather than at source

Question 23

methods of drug administration

Answer 23

• oral
• inhalation
• skin patches
• suppositories
• eye or ear drops
• parenteral

Question 24

important factors that decide bioavaliblity

Answer 24

• solubility of drug
• functional groups in drug
• administration of drug

Question 25

what does drug action depend on?

Answer 25

interactions with receptors

Question 26

discovery research

Answer 26

• identificaiton of lead compounds
• syntheis of analouges
• biological testing

Question 27

development research

Answer 27

• testing on animals, humans
• increasing number of participants
• use of placebos

Question 28

rational drug design

Answer 28

• identify target molecule
• find lead compound (derived from plant often)
• lead compound effectiveness optimized by analouges (chemically related compounds)
• after many tests, potential medicine tested on animals under laws and control
• therapeutic index determined of animals; move onto humans
• therapeutic index determined of humans