Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CNS > Pharma 7: Drugs Of Abuse > Flashcards

Pharma 7: Drugs Of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

What is in common with all dependence producing drugs

A

The activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons and increasing DA release from the nucleus accumbens

i. stimulate firing of A10 cells
ii. amphetamine, cocaine—> release DA or prevent its uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

REWARD PATHWAY

From ventral midbrain (A10 group) to the nucleus accumbens and limbic regions via the medial forebrain bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The effect of removing D2 receptors in transgenic mice

A

REMOVED THE REWARD SYSTEM
Ie administered morphine without reward without affecting dopamines effects

!they still experienced withdrawal—> D2 responsible for reward NOT withdrawal effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Other mediators involved in DA mesolimbic pathway

A

5-HT
Glu
GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Habituation

A

When the drug is administered repeatedly, after it is stopped the patient experiences aversive effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The effect of chronic administration of opioids and cocaine

A

Increase the activity of adenyl cyclase in regions like nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The drugs of abuse on a neurochemical level

A

Opioids, cocaine—>increase AC—>compensates for the acute inhibitory effect of Drugs of Abuse on cAMP—>rebound increase of cAMP after the drug is terminated—>increase cAMP-dependent protein kinases—>increase excitability of cells

Explain tolerance and dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Narcotics

A

Morphine
Heroin
Fentanyl
Oxycodone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CNS depressants

A 
Ethanol
Barbiturates
Anesthetics
Solvents
Glutethimide
Methaqualone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anxiolytic drugs

A

BZDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Psychomotor stimulants

A

Methylxanthines including caffine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Psychomimetic agents

A

Cannabinoids
LSD
Mescaline
Phencyclidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Entactogens

A

Empathy, love emotional MDMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ETHANOL/alcohol

MOA

A

Cns depressant (small, lipophilic)

Similar to volatile anesthetics—> causes increase in fluidity of lipid membranes

May act through specific membrane ion channels and receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ethanol

Effects

A

Slurred speech, motor in coordination, increased self confidence and euphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ethanol teratogenic

A

Impaired fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ethanol effect on liver

A

Stress—>sympathetic discharge—> causes increase release of fatty acids from liver

Combines with ethanol imposing metabolic load—>impaired fatty acid oxidation be

!fatty liver—> cirrhosis and liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Drugs used to treat tolerance and dependence on ethanol

A

Disulfiram
Naltrexone
Acamprosate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Narcotics MOA

A

Inhibit AC
OPEN K CHANNELS
Close Ca channels

All together—> inhibit synaptic transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Currently, there is an epidemic of

A

Fentanyl overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Categories of CNS STIMULANTS

A
  1. Psychomotor stimulants

2. Psychomimetic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Psychomotor stimulants

A
  1. Methylxanthines—> theophylline (tea), theobromine (cocoa) and caffeine (coffee, tea, cocoa)
  2. Nicotine
  3. Cocaine
  4. Amphetamines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Methylxanthies

Administration

A

Orally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Methylxanthines can be used to treat

A

Asthma

Effects on smooth muscles, cns, kidney and bronchial sm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Methylxanthines

MOA

A

Inhibit PDE therefore no hydrolozation of cAMP—> increase cAMP concentration

Some act as PURINE A2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS—> smooth muscle relaxant

26
Q

Caffeine actions

A

Decrease fatigue

Increase mental alertness due to stimulation of cortex

Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects

Diuretic

27
Q

Caffeine

CAUTION

A

Avoid in pt with peptic ulcer

Pregnancy—> no more than 3 cups of instant coffee/day

Any more would increase risk of miscarriage

28
Q

Caffeine side effects

A

Insomnia, anxiety, agitation if moderate dose

Emesis and convulsions in high dose

Arrhythmias in lethal dose

29
Q

Nicotine

Adminsitration

A

Inhalation

30
Q

Dependence and tolerance with nicotine

A

Increased activity of the mesolimbic DA pathway

31
Q

Nature of nicotinic Ach receptors

A

Ligand gated channels

32
Q

Nicotine

MOA

A

Acts on nAchR which is directly coupled to ion channel—> channel opens—> allows entry of Na, Ca—> entrance of Ca further opens voltage dependent Ca channels—> more Ca entry

This works to cause fast excitatory synaptic transmission at NMJ, autonomic ganglia

33
Q

Desensitization and Nicotine

A

Chronic nicotine administering—> increase number of nAchR

34
Q

Actions of nicotine

A

Improve attention and learning time

Reduces anxiety and tension

35
Q

Nicotine poisoning

A

Biphasic nature

Ie starts with stimulatory effects like tachycardia and HTN that are followed by depressor effects like central resp paralysis, bradycardia and severe hypotension

36
Q

Nicotine

Side effects

A
  1. Irritability
  2. Tremors
  3. Intestinal cramps
  4. Diarrhea
  5. Increased heart rate
  6. Htn
37
Q

Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal

A 
Irritability 
Anxiety
Restlessness
Difficulty concentrating
Headaches
Insomnia
38
Q

Cocaine

Administration

A

Chewing
Snorting
IV

39
Q

Cocaine

MOA

A

A-direct action:
Differential reuptake blockade of NA, 5-HT and ”DA” ie monoamine blockade into presynaptic terminal—> elevate synaptic concentrations

Reuptake block is accomplished by blocking their transporters

B-indirect action:
Acts indirectly on opioidergic, glutaminergic, GABAnergic

40
Q

Cocaine as local anesthetic

A

Na channel block

41
Q

Cocaine

Effects

A
  1. Increased mental awareness
  2. Euphoria
  3. Hallucinations
  4. Delusions
  5. Paranoia (stimulation of cortex and brainstem)
  6. Adrenergic f/f syndrome—> tachy, htn, pupillary dilation, peipheral vasoconstriction
42
Q

Cocaine

Side effects

A 
Anxiety
Mental depression
Appetite suppression
Seizures
Fatal cardiac arrythmias
43
Q

Cocaine withdrawal symptoms

A

Physical and emotional depression

+agitation

44
Q

Amphetamines

Administration

A

Iv, smoking, orally

45
Q

Amphetamines

MOA

A
  1. Promotes release of NA from central adrenergic receptors into synaptic cleft
  2. At DA neuron: increases DA at cleft
    i. Bind to DA reuptake transporter—> reverse action—> transport of free Da into cleft
    ii. Amphetamine taken up into cell—> DA released into synapse
    iii. Amph diffuses into vesicle—> Da released into nerve terminal
46
Q

Amphetamines

Effects

A
  1. Stimulate cerebrospinal axis ie cortex branstem
  2. Increased alertness
  3. Decrease fatigue
  4. Depress apetite
  5. Insomnia
  6. At high dose—> convulsions
  7. Indirect sns stimulation
47
Q

Amphetamines

Side effects

A

Insomnia

Panic states

Amphetamine psychosis—> similar to schizophrenia attack when taken chronically

Palpitations

Cardiac arrhythmia

Suicidal tendencies

Irritability

48
Q

Psychomimetic drugs/hallucinogens

Primary action

A

Induce altered states that resemble dreams—> changed thought patterns—> cant make decisions

49
Q

Psychomimetic drugs

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol

Phencylidine

LSD

Mescaline

Psilocybin

Cause sensory changes, hallucinations and delusions (similar to acute schizophrenia)

50
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

Main active substance of cannabis

*cannabis, morphine—> metabolically active metabolites

51
Q

Cannabinoids action

A

Depressant and psychotomimetic actions

Alters mood, cognition

52
Q

Cannabinoids

Administration

A

IV

Smoking

53
Q

Cannabinoids structure

A

Highly lipid soluble

54
Q

Anandamide

A

AA’

ENDOGENOUS LIGAND FOR CB1

55
Q

Cannabinoids receptors

A

CB1 (brain; hippocampus, cerebellum sn and mesolimbic system) and CB2 (periphery; mainly lymphoid)

G protein coupled receptors

CB1–> inhibit AC….activate K conductance,,decrease Ca—> inhibit synaptic transmission

56
Q

Analgesics?

A

Cb1 and ch1-paf

57
Q

Cannabinoids effects

A 
Euphoria 
Relaxation
Sharpened sensory awareness
Impaired memory, learning, motor
Reduces IOP—> used in glaucoma
Increases appetite

Analgesic, antiemetic—> NABILONE

58
Q

Cannabinoids vs opiates, nicotine, alcohol

A

Less likely to cause dependence

No resp, cv effects if OD (only drowsiness, confusion)there4 safer

59
Q

Cannabinoids

Side effects

A

Long term psych effects—> schizophrenia, apathy, under achievement

Low doses—> sensory distortion, hallucinations—

60
Q

LSD

A

Potent hallucinations and delusions—> violence

“Flashback hallucinations” long after drug was taken—>psychopathalogic changes

If susceptible—> lsd and phencyclidine—> schizophrenic attacks

CNS (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions